NR 503 MIDTERM EXAM – QUESTION AND
ANSWERS|| GRADED A+
How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together to aid
evidence-based care?
Accurate Answer: Causation- helps look at the cause of the issue or disease process. Descriptive
epidemiology focuses on the person, place, and time. An example of how they are intertwined
might be a person who was sick from E. Coli. The physician might look at what the individual ate
to determine what made them sick. For instance, they may have decided to eat from the salad
bar at a local restaurant.
4 types of casual relationships
• Necessary and sufficient (rare)- a factor is both necessary (disease will appear only if the
factor is present) and sufficient (exposure always cause disease).
• Necessary but not sufficient: more than one factor is required. Tb is a factor, but even if
present not always the person get sick.
• Sufficient but not necessary - specific fx can cause disease, but other fx can cause the
same disease. Ex. anemia
• Neither sufficient nor necessary - specific fx can be combined with other fx to produce
disease. but disease can be produced without the factor.
What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, secondary and tertiary
interventions?
Accurate Answer: is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an increase in the
outcome of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could be the use of flu
vaccines yearly to prevent the flu from causing an illness. A secondary intervention would be to
test for the influenza virus in a patient. A tertiary intervention would be giving Tamiflu to a flu
positive patient. Since we know that the influenza virus causes the flu when can help to perform
actions against it.
,Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"?
Accurate Answer: Is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health
data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice closely
integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know. Passive
surveillance involves using data to look at reportable diseases while active involves using
individuals such as project staff interviewing physicians about cases. Using surveillance can help
identify the causation of diseases particularly in a specific population.
absolute risk
Accurate Answer: the incidence of disease in a population
vital statistics
Accurate Answer: The collection, tabulation, and interpretation of data concerning birth,
marriage, divorce, sickness, and death.
Morbidity
Accurate Answer: presence of illness in population
mortality
Accurate Answer: related to tracking of deaths in a population
cases
Accurate Answer: people afflicted (those who are sick)
, social justice
Accurate Answer: justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges
within a society.
Epidemiology
Accurate Answer: the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and
possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.
What is the highest level of data findings? How is evidence appraised?
Accurate Answer: Level I- Evidence from a systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant
RCTs (randomized controlled trial) or evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on
systematic reviews of RCTs or three or more RCTs of good quality that have similar results.
Levels of evidence (sometimes called hierarchy of evidence) are assigned to studies based on
the methodological quality of their design, validity, and applicability to patient care.
What factors determine quality of care?
Accurate Answer: Effectiveness, patient safety, timeliness, and patient centeredness.
How is a websites credibility determined?
Accurate Answer: The medical library association, the Health on the Net Foundation, and the
US National Library of Medicine provide guidelines for evaluation online information.
Who runs the site?
Why have they created the site?
Who is sponsoring the site? Does the information favor the sponsor?
ANSWERS|| GRADED A+
How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together to aid
evidence-based care?
Accurate Answer: Causation- helps look at the cause of the issue or disease process. Descriptive
epidemiology focuses on the person, place, and time. An example of how they are intertwined
might be a person who was sick from E. Coli. The physician might look at what the individual ate
to determine what made them sick. For instance, they may have decided to eat from the salad
bar at a local restaurant.
4 types of casual relationships
• Necessary and sufficient (rare)- a factor is both necessary (disease will appear only if the
factor is present) and sufficient (exposure always cause disease).
• Necessary but not sufficient: more than one factor is required. Tb is a factor, but even if
present not always the person get sick.
• Sufficient but not necessary - specific fx can cause disease, but other fx can cause the
same disease. Ex. anemia
• Neither sufficient nor necessary - specific fx can be combined with other fx to produce
disease. but disease can be produced without the factor.
What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, secondary and tertiary
interventions?
Accurate Answer: is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an increase in the
outcome of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could be the use of flu
vaccines yearly to prevent the flu from causing an illness. A secondary intervention would be to
test for the influenza virus in a patient. A tertiary intervention would be giving Tamiflu to a flu
positive patient. Since we know that the influenza virus causes the flu when can help to perform
actions against it.
,Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"?
Accurate Answer: Is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health
data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice closely
integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know. Passive
surveillance involves using data to look at reportable diseases while active involves using
individuals such as project staff interviewing physicians about cases. Using surveillance can help
identify the causation of diseases particularly in a specific population.
absolute risk
Accurate Answer: the incidence of disease in a population
vital statistics
Accurate Answer: The collection, tabulation, and interpretation of data concerning birth,
marriage, divorce, sickness, and death.
Morbidity
Accurate Answer: presence of illness in population
mortality
Accurate Answer: related to tracking of deaths in a population
cases
Accurate Answer: people afflicted (those who are sick)
, social justice
Accurate Answer: justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges
within a society.
Epidemiology
Accurate Answer: the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and
possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.
What is the highest level of data findings? How is evidence appraised?
Accurate Answer: Level I- Evidence from a systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant
RCTs (randomized controlled trial) or evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on
systematic reviews of RCTs or three or more RCTs of good quality that have similar results.
Levels of evidence (sometimes called hierarchy of evidence) are assigned to studies based on
the methodological quality of their design, validity, and applicability to patient care.
What factors determine quality of care?
Accurate Answer: Effectiveness, patient safety, timeliness, and patient centeredness.
How is a websites credibility determined?
Accurate Answer: The medical library association, the Health on the Net Foundation, and the
US National Library of Medicine provide guidelines for evaluation online information.
Who runs the site?
Why have they created the site?
Who is sponsoring the site? Does the information favor the sponsor?
