MR. BOBS DIGESTIVE, URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE LAB
AND LECTURE EXAM, MR BOB DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LECTURE EXAM, LECTURE EXAM 5 (DIGESTIVE,
URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM), MR.BOB
DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTION SYSTEMS,
MR. BOBS DIGESTIVE, URINARY AN… | FROM QUESTION
TO PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
,Perimytrium Answer: Outer layer of uterus
mucosa Answer: mostly simple columnar epithelium• with goblet cells• except stratified
squamous epithelium in esophagus and rectum
submucosa Answer: loose connective tissue
aids in absorption of nutrients and fluids• highly vascularized and innervated by autonomic
fibers
muscularis Answer: two thick layers of smooth muscle• inner layer circular muscle• outer layer
longitudinal muscle• perform mechanical actions of alimentary canal• run in opposite
directions§ inner circular muscle can contract and squeeze insegments, decreasing the size of
lumen§ longitudinal (outer) muscles contract to shorten the lengthof the lumen• third oblique
layer in stomach
serosa Answer: visceral peritoneum• areolar connective tissue• simple squamous epithelial
tissue
adventitia Answer: connective tissue• superior to the diaphragm• alimentary canal superior to
diaphragm
accessory organs Answer: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
deglutition Answer: swallowing food
digestion Answer: converting complex organic compounds (food) into simpler organic
compounds (nutrients)• mechanical and chemical actions
mechanical (physical break down) actions of alimentary canal Answer: mixing and propelling
motions• mixing action• rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle• for mixing food with
digestive enzymes secreted by mucosa• propelling motions• peristalsis§ rhythmic, alternate
smooth-muscular contractions andrelaxations§ slowly squeeze food and waste through
alimentary canal
chemical digestion Answer: involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients• can be
used by the cells• begins in the mouth when food mixes with saliva• completed by various
chemicals and enzymes
catabolism Answer: break down larger organic compounds into smaller organic compounds.
3 requirements for enzymes Answer: correct pH• correct temperature• correct substrate
carb digestion Answer: is mostly performed by amylase and disaccharidases
amylase Answer: salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase•
converts starch into various oligosaccharides•
especially into disaccharides: maltose• sucrose• lactose§
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
,suffix -ose indicates a sugar
disaccharides Answer: di- two monomers or building blocks• saccharide - sugar
polysaccharides Answer: poly - many monomers or building blocks• saccharide - sugar• longer
chains of sugar monomers
cellulose Answer: indigestible polysaccharide produced by plants§ fiber
starch Answer: digestible polysaccharide produced by plants§ long chain of glucose molecules•
about 3,000 glucose monomers
glycogen Answer: digestible polysaccharide produced by animals§ long chain of glucose
molecules
oligosaccharides Answer: oligo - small or short• saccharide - sugar• shorter chains of sugar
monomers
disaccharidases convert disaccharides into ... Answer: monosaccharides
monosaccharides Answer: mono - one - a monomer or building block• saccharide - sugar•
simple sugars• monomers
sucrase Answer: enzyme• cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose
maltase Answer: enzyme• cleaves maltose into glucose and glucose
lactase Answer: enzyme• cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose
glucose Answer: common denominator here• fuel for mitochondria power plants• needed to
produce ATP for energy
protein Answer: class of nitrogenous organic compounds• consist of large molecules composed
of one or more long chains ofamino acids totaling 100 amino acids or more• an essential part of
all living organisms• structural components of body tissues§ muscle§ hair§ collagen• structural
components of enzymes• structural components of antibodies
protein digestion Answer: mostly performed by proteases or peptidases• enzymes that digest
proteins• occur in inactive form• prevents digestion of stomach and small Intestine
pepsin Answer: produced in an inactive form• active in the stomach• optimal pH 1.5-3.5•
therefore pH specific and neutralized in small intestine• removes a few amino acids from protein
molecules• mostly converts PROTEINS INTO POLYPEPTIES• poly - many• peptide - short
chains of amino acid monomers linkedby peptide bonds
pancreatic enzymes Answer: produced in an inactive form• active in the small intestine• work
on polypeptides from stomach
trypsin Answer: hydrolyze polypeptides into even shorter oligopeptides
chymotrypsin Answer: hydrolyze polypeptides into even shorter oligopeptides
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
3
, carboxypeptidase Answer: take apart oligopeptides one amino acid at a time• from the -COOH
end of the molecule
aminopeptidase Answer: take apart oligopeptides one amino acid at a time• from the -NH 2 end
of the molecule
dipeptidase Answer: splits dipeptides in the middle• releases the last two free amino acids
Brush-border enzymes: Answer: carboxypeptidase and enterokinase
enterokinase Answer: converts inactive trypsinogen into the active trypsin
lipid digestion Answer: performed mostly by bile salts and lipases• bile salts• emulsify fat
globules into fat droplets (triglycerides)§ triglycerides
a molecule consisting of three fatty acids covalentlybonded to a three-car
lipases Answer: enzymes that digest lipids
lingual lipase and gastric lipase Answer: from intrinsic salivary glands of tongue and stomach•
activated by acid in stomach• lingual lipase digests up to 10% of ingested fat• gastric lipase
digests up to 15% of ingested fat
pancreatic lipase Answer: performs most fat digestion• secreted into the small intestine• convert
triglycerides into "free" fatty acids and glycerol or monoglycerol
triglycerides Answer: a three-carbon alcohol• glycerol• linked to three fatty acids
fatty acid Answer: chain of 4-24 carbon atoms• a carboxyl at one end• a methyl group at the
other
saturated fatty acid Answer: has as much hydrogen as it can possibly carry• has all single
covalent bonds between the carbon atoms• therefore termed saturated because it cannot possibly
hold morehydrogen atoms
unsaturated fatty acid Answer: some carbon atoms are joined by double covalent bonds
each carbon could potentially share one pair of electrons with another hydrogen atom instead of
the adjacent carbon, so hydrogen could potentially be added to the molecule
nucleic acid digestion Answer: performed mostly by nucleases and nucleotidases
nucleases Answer: ribonuclease§ convert RNA into one of five nucleotides•
deoxyribonuclease§ convert DNA into one of five nucleotides
nucleotidases Answer: convert nucleotides to 5-carbon sugar, phosphate and nitrogenbases§
convert RNA into ribose (5-carbon sugar)§ convert DNA into deoxyribose (5-Carbon sugar)
Autonomic Influence on the Alimentary Canal and Digestion Answer: sympathetic response•
decreased digestive activity and efficiency•
parasympathetic response• increased digestive activity and efficiency• normal or digesting
branch of Autonomic Nervous System
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
4
AND LECTURE EXAM, MR BOB DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LECTURE EXAM, LECTURE EXAM 5 (DIGESTIVE,
URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM), MR.BOB
DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTION SYSTEMS,
MR. BOBS DIGESTIVE, URINARY AN… | FROM QUESTION
TO PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
,Perimytrium Answer: Outer layer of uterus
mucosa Answer: mostly simple columnar epithelium• with goblet cells• except stratified
squamous epithelium in esophagus and rectum
submucosa Answer: loose connective tissue
aids in absorption of nutrients and fluids• highly vascularized and innervated by autonomic
fibers
muscularis Answer: two thick layers of smooth muscle• inner layer circular muscle• outer layer
longitudinal muscle• perform mechanical actions of alimentary canal• run in opposite
directions§ inner circular muscle can contract and squeeze insegments, decreasing the size of
lumen§ longitudinal (outer) muscles contract to shorten the lengthof the lumen• third oblique
layer in stomach
serosa Answer: visceral peritoneum• areolar connective tissue• simple squamous epithelial
tissue
adventitia Answer: connective tissue• superior to the diaphragm• alimentary canal superior to
diaphragm
accessory organs Answer: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
deglutition Answer: swallowing food
digestion Answer: converting complex organic compounds (food) into simpler organic
compounds (nutrients)• mechanical and chemical actions
mechanical (physical break down) actions of alimentary canal Answer: mixing and propelling
motions• mixing action• rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle• for mixing food with
digestive enzymes secreted by mucosa• propelling motions• peristalsis§ rhythmic, alternate
smooth-muscular contractions andrelaxations§ slowly squeeze food and waste through
alimentary canal
chemical digestion Answer: involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients• can be
used by the cells• begins in the mouth when food mixes with saliva• completed by various
chemicals and enzymes
catabolism Answer: break down larger organic compounds into smaller organic compounds.
3 requirements for enzymes Answer: correct pH• correct temperature• correct substrate
carb digestion Answer: is mostly performed by amylase and disaccharidases
amylase Answer: salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase•
converts starch into various oligosaccharides•
especially into disaccharides: maltose• sucrose• lactose§
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
,suffix -ose indicates a sugar
disaccharides Answer: di- two monomers or building blocks• saccharide - sugar
polysaccharides Answer: poly - many monomers or building blocks• saccharide - sugar• longer
chains of sugar monomers
cellulose Answer: indigestible polysaccharide produced by plants§ fiber
starch Answer: digestible polysaccharide produced by plants§ long chain of glucose molecules•
about 3,000 glucose monomers
glycogen Answer: digestible polysaccharide produced by animals§ long chain of glucose
molecules
oligosaccharides Answer: oligo - small or short• saccharide - sugar• shorter chains of sugar
monomers
disaccharidases convert disaccharides into ... Answer: monosaccharides
monosaccharides Answer: mono - one - a monomer or building block• saccharide - sugar•
simple sugars• monomers
sucrase Answer: enzyme• cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose
maltase Answer: enzyme• cleaves maltose into glucose and glucose
lactase Answer: enzyme• cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose
glucose Answer: common denominator here• fuel for mitochondria power plants• needed to
produce ATP for energy
protein Answer: class of nitrogenous organic compounds• consist of large molecules composed
of one or more long chains ofamino acids totaling 100 amino acids or more• an essential part of
all living organisms• structural components of body tissues§ muscle§ hair§ collagen• structural
components of enzymes• structural components of antibodies
protein digestion Answer: mostly performed by proteases or peptidases• enzymes that digest
proteins• occur in inactive form• prevents digestion of stomach and small Intestine
pepsin Answer: produced in an inactive form• active in the stomach• optimal pH 1.5-3.5•
therefore pH specific and neutralized in small intestine• removes a few amino acids from protein
molecules• mostly converts PROTEINS INTO POLYPEPTIES• poly - many• peptide - short
chains of amino acid monomers linkedby peptide bonds
pancreatic enzymes Answer: produced in an inactive form• active in the small intestine• work
on polypeptides from stomach
trypsin Answer: hydrolyze polypeptides into even shorter oligopeptides
chymotrypsin Answer: hydrolyze polypeptides into even shorter oligopeptides
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
3
, carboxypeptidase Answer: take apart oligopeptides one amino acid at a time• from the -COOH
end of the molecule
aminopeptidase Answer: take apart oligopeptides one amino acid at a time• from the -NH 2 end
of the molecule
dipeptidase Answer: splits dipeptides in the middle• releases the last two free amino acids
Brush-border enzymes: Answer: carboxypeptidase and enterokinase
enterokinase Answer: converts inactive trypsinogen into the active trypsin
lipid digestion Answer: performed mostly by bile salts and lipases• bile salts• emulsify fat
globules into fat droplets (triglycerides)§ triglycerides
a molecule consisting of three fatty acids covalentlybonded to a three-car
lipases Answer: enzymes that digest lipids
lingual lipase and gastric lipase Answer: from intrinsic salivary glands of tongue and stomach•
activated by acid in stomach• lingual lipase digests up to 10% of ingested fat• gastric lipase
digests up to 15% of ingested fat
pancreatic lipase Answer: performs most fat digestion• secreted into the small intestine• convert
triglycerides into "free" fatty acids and glycerol or monoglycerol
triglycerides Answer: a three-carbon alcohol• glycerol• linked to three fatty acids
fatty acid Answer: chain of 4-24 carbon atoms• a carboxyl at one end• a methyl group at the
other
saturated fatty acid Answer: has as much hydrogen as it can possibly carry• has all single
covalent bonds between the carbon atoms• therefore termed saturated because it cannot possibly
hold morehydrogen atoms
unsaturated fatty acid Answer: some carbon atoms are joined by double covalent bonds
each carbon could potentially share one pair of electrons with another hydrogen atom instead of
the adjacent carbon, so hydrogen could potentially be added to the molecule
nucleic acid digestion Answer: performed mostly by nucleases and nucleotidases
nucleases Answer: ribonuclease§ convert RNA into one of five nucleotides•
deoxyribonuclease§ convert DNA into one of five nucleotides
nucleotidases Answer: convert nucleotides to 5-carbon sugar, phosphate and nitrogenbases§
convert RNA into ribose (5-carbon sugar)§ convert DNA into deoxyribose (5-Carbon sugar)
Autonomic Influence on the Alimentary Canal and Digestion Answer: sympathetic response•
decreased digestive activity and efficiency•
parasympathetic response• increased digestive activity and efficiency• normal or digesting
branch of Autonomic Nervous System
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
4
