PORTAGE BIOD 101 MODULE
OUTCOMES FINAL REVIEW
Module 1 6
Identify the major elements and bonding relationships that make up matter. - ans-
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
✔✔Ionic Bonds= are generated based on the attraction between oppositely charged partic
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
les.
Covalent Bonds= occurs when electrons are shared by two atoms to complete the valence
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
shells of both. In general, covalent bonds exist between two non-metals.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Hydrogen Bonds=relatively weak bond 6 6 6
Module 1 6
Describe the structure and function of the four main types of organic compounds that make
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
6up biomacromolecules. (Carb,lipid,proteins,nucelic acids) - ans-
6 6 6 6 6
✔✔Carbohydrate= commonly referred to as sugars, are the primary source of fuel. Structu 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
re (C,H,O), H-0 always 2:1
6 6 6 6
Lipid= Insoluble in water (made of non-
6 6 6 6 6 6
polar hydrocarbons), NOT MONOMERS (assembled from smaller molecules), Ex. Fats,oil
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
s,steiroids. (trigylcerides most abundant) Phospholipids have a polar head (like water hydr
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
ophilic) and non-polar tail (repel water hydrophobic).
6 6 6 6 6 6
Steroids - 6
are a type of lipid made up of four, fused carbon rings with attached functional groups, ofte
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
n containing an alcohol
6 6 6
Proteins=are constructed from monomers called amino acids. 6 6 6 6 6 6
(1) Proteins can act as enzymes and regulate metabolic functions, (2) store amino acids, (
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
3) act as hormones (4) form antibodies for immunological defense (5) act as carriers for tra
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
nsport and also form membrane channels, (6) form cell surface receptors to receive chemi
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
cal messages and (7) act as structural molecules for support and movement.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Some functions of proteins are to make many needed protective tissues such as skin, hair,
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
and fingernails. Proteins also form enzymes (catalysts that speed up chemical reactions) a
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
nd are used to make needed substances such as hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in red
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
blood cells. 6
,Nucleic acids-molecules that carry genetic information within the cell.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
DNA-
contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable char
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
acteristics of living organisms. (Adenine,guanine,cytosine,thymine)
6 6 6 6
RNA-
is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
proteins. (has URACIL instead of thymine) 6 6 6 6 6
Proteins Continued - ans- 6 6 6
✔✔Amino acids that must be obtained from foods in the diet are called essential amino aci
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
ds; non-essential amino acids can be manufactured by the human body.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Peptide bonds- 6
are covalent bonds that hold amino acids together to form proteins. A long chain of amino
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
acids is therefore called a polypeptide.
6 6 6 6 6
Primary structure. - 6 6
his is the order in which the amino acid monomer units are arranged in a linear polypeptide
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
chain.
Secondary structure. - 6 6
There are two repeating patterns that may occur in a polypeptide chain.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Tertiary structure.-This is the overall three-
6 6 6 6 6
dimensional shape assumed by each individual polypeptide chain. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Quaternary structure. -Formation occurs when two or more polypeptide chains interact.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Module 1 6
Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. - ans-✔✔Prokaryotic-
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Smaller, has no Nucleus, No membrane-bound organelles (bacteria cells)
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Eukaryotic- More complex, have a nucleus, contain membrane bound organelles
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Module 1 6
Determine the roles of the major components of a cell. - ans-✔✔Nucleus-
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
suspended by nucleoplasm. Contains the genomic content of the cell (DNA) and serves a
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
s the control center of the cell.
6 6 6 6 6 6
Ribosomes-
are complexes of tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins. (NOT organelles) RN
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
A + an enzyme necessary for linking amino acids together.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- 6 6
ER forms a maze of tightly packed tubules that form interconnected compartments, called
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
cisternae, within the cytoplasm. After proteins are assembled by the ribosomes, they are m
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
odified and transported by the ER (2 parts)
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
, Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)-
6 6 6
6small granular ribosomes attached.ER membrane sequesters these newly made glycopro
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
teins from the proteins in the cytosol
6 6 6 6 6 6
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has no attached ribosomes and is responsible for th
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
e synthesis of lipids, steroids, and phospholipids for the cell membrane.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Golgi apparatus- distribution center of the cell
6 6 6 6 6 6
Lysosomes-
contain hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading unwanted cellular debris such as protein
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
s, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.
6 6 6 6 6
Mitochondria- double membrane- 6 6
enclosed (phospholipid bilayer) organelles that are the site of cellular respiration. Cellular r
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
espiration is the process of using oxygen to generate ATP.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Peroxisomes are small, membrane bound sacs that contain enzymes specific for dissolvin
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
g fats, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
6 6 6 6 6 6
Module 1 6
Describe cellular membrane structure and mechanics. - ans-✔✔Cytoskeleton-
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
comprised of a collection of proteins that give cells structural support, anchor organelles, a
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
nd facilitate changes in cellular shape. The cytoskeleton is made of protein fibers called (1)
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
microtubules, (2) microfilaments, and (3) intermediate filaments.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Microtubules-
influence cell shape, form spindles for chromosome separation (during mitosis), can be arr
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
anged in specific geometric conformations that are used for cellular locomotion, and they s
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
erve as "roads" for organelles to travel
6 6 6 6 6 6
Microfilaments-
These structures provide structural support to the cells shape as well as a means of motilit
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
y. (Associated with the contractile protein myosin, which together are responsible of muscl
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
e contraction.)
6
Intermediate filaments- 6
6consist of a variety of fibrous protein subunits, coiled into cables. Intermediate filaments fo
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
rm keratin, the strong, flexible proteins of our outer layer of skin.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Extracellular matrix (ECM)- 6 6
6the environment surrounding cells. cells are anchored to the ECM by specialized glycopro
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
teins, like fibronectin.6 6 6
OUTCOMES FINAL REVIEW
Module 1 6
Identify the major elements and bonding relationships that make up matter. - ans-
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
✔✔Ionic Bonds= are generated based on the attraction between oppositely charged partic
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
les.
Covalent Bonds= occurs when electrons are shared by two atoms to complete the valence
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
shells of both. In general, covalent bonds exist between two non-metals.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Hydrogen Bonds=relatively weak bond 6 6 6
Module 1 6
Describe the structure and function of the four main types of organic compounds that make
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
6up biomacromolecules. (Carb,lipid,proteins,nucelic acids) - ans-
6 6 6 6 6
✔✔Carbohydrate= commonly referred to as sugars, are the primary source of fuel. Structu 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
re (C,H,O), H-0 always 2:1
6 6 6 6
Lipid= Insoluble in water (made of non-
6 6 6 6 6 6
polar hydrocarbons), NOT MONOMERS (assembled from smaller molecules), Ex. Fats,oil
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
s,steiroids. (trigylcerides most abundant) Phospholipids have a polar head (like water hydr
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
ophilic) and non-polar tail (repel water hydrophobic).
6 6 6 6 6 6
Steroids - 6
are a type of lipid made up of four, fused carbon rings with attached functional groups, ofte
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
n containing an alcohol
6 6 6
Proteins=are constructed from monomers called amino acids. 6 6 6 6 6 6
(1) Proteins can act as enzymes and regulate metabolic functions, (2) store amino acids, (
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
3) act as hormones (4) form antibodies for immunological defense (5) act as carriers for tra
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
nsport and also form membrane channels, (6) form cell surface receptors to receive chemi
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
cal messages and (7) act as structural molecules for support and movement.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Some functions of proteins are to make many needed protective tissues such as skin, hair,
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
and fingernails. Proteins also form enzymes (catalysts that speed up chemical reactions) a
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
nd are used to make needed substances such as hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in red
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
blood cells. 6
,Nucleic acids-molecules that carry genetic information within the cell.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
DNA-
contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable char
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
acteristics of living organisms. (Adenine,guanine,cytosine,thymine)
6 6 6 6
RNA-
is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
proteins. (has URACIL instead of thymine) 6 6 6 6 6
Proteins Continued - ans- 6 6 6
✔✔Amino acids that must be obtained from foods in the diet are called essential amino aci
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
ds; non-essential amino acids can be manufactured by the human body.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Peptide bonds- 6
are covalent bonds that hold amino acids together to form proteins. A long chain of amino
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
acids is therefore called a polypeptide.
6 6 6 6 6
Primary structure. - 6 6
his is the order in which the amino acid monomer units are arranged in a linear polypeptide
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
chain.
Secondary structure. - 6 6
There are two repeating patterns that may occur in a polypeptide chain.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Tertiary structure.-This is the overall three-
6 6 6 6 6
dimensional shape assumed by each individual polypeptide chain. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Quaternary structure. -Formation occurs when two or more polypeptide chains interact.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Module 1 6
Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. - ans-✔✔Prokaryotic-
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Smaller, has no Nucleus, No membrane-bound organelles (bacteria cells)
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Eukaryotic- More complex, have a nucleus, contain membrane bound organelles
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Module 1 6
Determine the roles of the major components of a cell. - ans-✔✔Nucleus-
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
suspended by nucleoplasm. Contains the genomic content of the cell (DNA) and serves a
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
s the control center of the cell.
6 6 6 6 6 6
Ribosomes-
are complexes of tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins. (NOT organelles) RN
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
A + an enzyme necessary for linking amino acids together.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- 6 6
ER forms a maze of tightly packed tubules that form interconnected compartments, called
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
cisternae, within the cytoplasm. After proteins are assembled by the ribosomes, they are m
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
odified and transported by the ER (2 parts)
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
, Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)-
6 6 6
6small granular ribosomes attached.ER membrane sequesters these newly made glycopro
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
teins from the proteins in the cytosol
6 6 6 6 6 6
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has no attached ribosomes and is responsible for th
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
e synthesis of lipids, steroids, and phospholipids for the cell membrane.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Golgi apparatus- distribution center of the cell
6 6 6 6 6 6
Lysosomes-
contain hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading unwanted cellular debris such as protein
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
s, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.
6 6 6 6 6
Mitochondria- double membrane- 6 6
enclosed (phospholipid bilayer) organelles that are the site of cellular respiration. Cellular r
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
espiration is the process of using oxygen to generate ATP.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Peroxisomes are small, membrane bound sacs that contain enzymes specific for dissolvin
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
g fats, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
6 6 6 6 6 6
Module 1 6
Describe cellular membrane structure and mechanics. - ans-✔✔Cytoskeleton-
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
comprised of a collection of proteins that give cells structural support, anchor organelles, a
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
nd facilitate changes in cellular shape. The cytoskeleton is made of protein fibers called (1)
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
microtubules, (2) microfilaments, and (3) intermediate filaments.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Microtubules-
influence cell shape, form spindles for chromosome separation (during mitosis), can be arr
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
anged in specific geometric conformations that are used for cellular locomotion, and they s
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
erve as "roads" for organelles to travel
6 6 6 6 6 6
Microfilaments-
These structures provide structural support to the cells shape as well as a means of motilit
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
y. (Associated with the contractile protein myosin, which together are responsible of muscl
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
e contraction.)
6
Intermediate filaments- 6
6consist of a variety of fibrous protein subunits, coiled into cables. Intermediate filaments fo
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
rm keratin, the strong, flexible proteins of our outer layer of skin.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Extracellular matrix (ECM)- 6 6
6the environment surrounding cells. cells are anchored to the ECM by specialized glycopro
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
teins, like fibronectin.6 6 6
