PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – Edapt Week
8: Comprehensive Review of
Headache Syndromes, Their
Causes, Mechanisms, and Clinical
Manifestations
1. The trigeminal nerve - ANSWER the fifth cranial nerve. It originates from the
brain and branches into the ophthalmic branch,maxillary branch, and
mandibular branch.
2. Ophthalmic branch - ANSWER zone of the trigeminal nerve
(sensory)
Orbital structures
Nasal cavity
Skin of forehead, upper eyelid and eye- brow
Part of nose
3. Maxillary branch - ANSWER zone of the trigeminal nerve
(sensory)
Lower eyelid
Upper lip, gums, teeth
Cheek and nose
Palate and part of pharynx
4. mandibular branch - ANSWER zone of the trigeminal nerve
(sensory and motor)
1
, Sensory: lower gums, teeth, lips, palate and part of tongue
Motor: muscles of mastication
5. Trigeminal Neuralgia - ANSWER The problem is believed to be related to
compression of the trigeminal nerve that causes the symptoms on the side
of the damaged nerve. It most often affects individuals greater than 50
years of age. The symptoms are described as a sudden attack of severe pain
that can be incapacitating. It can also be described as sharp, stabbing pain.
The pain is not constant and may occur with chewing
6. Diagnosis is based on history and clinical presentation. Treatment will
involve the use of an anticonvulsant such as Carbamazepine.
7. before the upper motor neurons cross the midline - ANSWER Where does
the underlying problem occur w upper motor neuron lesion?
8. Ophthalmic Branch - ANSWER branch of trigeminal nerve that is:
Orbital structures
Nasal cavity
Skin of forehead, upper eyelid and eyebrow
Part of nose
9. Maxillary Branch - ANSWER branch of trigeminal nerve that is:
Lower eyelid
Upper lip, gums and teeth
Cheek and nose
2
, Palate and part of pharynx
10.Mandibular Branch - ANSWER Branch of the trigemincal nerve that is
Sensory: lower gums, teeth, palate and part of tongue
11.Motor: muscles of mastication
12.lower - ANSWER Bell's palsy involves a _____ motor neuron lesion
13.trigeminal nerve pain - ANSWER often attacks suddenly and is intermittent;
pain can be incapacitating; pain is described as sharp and stabbing
14.anticonvulsant medication - ANSWER Medication treatment of trigeminal
neuralgia
15.What are convulsions? - ANSWER Sudden involuntary muscle contractions
causing rapid shaking or jerking movements, often associated with
neurologic or mental health conditions.
16.What is the primary concern during a convulsion? - ANSWER Client safety is
the priority during the event.
17.What should be recorded during a convulsion? - ANSWER Details of the
convulsion, including movements, behaviors, duration, body parts involved,
and any injuries sustained.
18.What are some potential causes of convulsions? - ANSWER Fever, infections
(e.g., meningitis, encephalitis), head injury, stroke, or reactions to
medications, drugs, or toxins.
3
, 19.What is the pathophysiology of seizures? - ANSWER Uncontrolled electrical
activity in the brain caused by excessive neuron discharges, leading to
random depolarization of neurons.
20.What can ischemia lead to in terms of seizures? - ANSWER Decreased pH
and potential electrolyte abnormalities, which can trigger seizures.
21.How can electrolyte imbalances affect seizures? - ANSWER Imbalances can
decrease the action potential threshold, leading to increased neuronal
depolarization and potential seizures.
22.What is the effect of direct trauma on seizures? - ANSWER Injury to cerebral
tissue can cause edema and changes in electrolytes and pH, leading to
seizures.
23.What neurotransmitter abnormalities can lead to seizure activity? -
ANSWER Imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin syndrome
from medications, can cause seizures.
24.What criteria are used to diagnose epilepsy? - ANSWER Two or more
unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart, or one
unprovoked seizure with a high probability of further seizures.
25.What are the two main types of seizures? - ANSWER Generalized seizures
and focal (partial) seizures.
4
8: Comprehensive Review of
Headache Syndromes, Their
Causes, Mechanisms, and Clinical
Manifestations
1. The trigeminal nerve - ANSWER the fifth cranial nerve. It originates from the
brain and branches into the ophthalmic branch,maxillary branch, and
mandibular branch.
2. Ophthalmic branch - ANSWER zone of the trigeminal nerve
(sensory)
Orbital structures
Nasal cavity
Skin of forehead, upper eyelid and eye- brow
Part of nose
3. Maxillary branch - ANSWER zone of the trigeminal nerve
(sensory)
Lower eyelid
Upper lip, gums, teeth
Cheek and nose
Palate and part of pharynx
4. mandibular branch - ANSWER zone of the trigeminal nerve
(sensory and motor)
1
, Sensory: lower gums, teeth, lips, palate and part of tongue
Motor: muscles of mastication
5. Trigeminal Neuralgia - ANSWER The problem is believed to be related to
compression of the trigeminal nerve that causes the symptoms on the side
of the damaged nerve. It most often affects individuals greater than 50
years of age. The symptoms are described as a sudden attack of severe pain
that can be incapacitating. It can also be described as sharp, stabbing pain.
The pain is not constant and may occur with chewing
6. Diagnosis is based on history and clinical presentation. Treatment will
involve the use of an anticonvulsant such as Carbamazepine.
7. before the upper motor neurons cross the midline - ANSWER Where does
the underlying problem occur w upper motor neuron lesion?
8. Ophthalmic Branch - ANSWER branch of trigeminal nerve that is:
Orbital structures
Nasal cavity
Skin of forehead, upper eyelid and eyebrow
Part of nose
9. Maxillary Branch - ANSWER branch of trigeminal nerve that is:
Lower eyelid
Upper lip, gums and teeth
Cheek and nose
2
, Palate and part of pharynx
10.Mandibular Branch - ANSWER Branch of the trigemincal nerve that is
Sensory: lower gums, teeth, palate and part of tongue
11.Motor: muscles of mastication
12.lower - ANSWER Bell's palsy involves a _____ motor neuron lesion
13.trigeminal nerve pain - ANSWER often attacks suddenly and is intermittent;
pain can be incapacitating; pain is described as sharp and stabbing
14.anticonvulsant medication - ANSWER Medication treatment of trigeminal
neuralgia
15.What are convulsions? - ANSWER Sudden involuntary muscle contractions
causing rapid shaking or jerking movements, often associated with
neurologic or mental health conditions.
16.What is the primary concern during a convulsion? - ANSWER Client safety is
the priority during the event.
17.What should be recorded during a convulsion? - ANSWER Details of the
convulsion, including movements, behaviors, duration, body parts involved,
and any injuries sustained.
18.What are some potential causes of convulsions? - ANSWER Fever, infections
(e.g., meningitis, encephalitis), head injury, stroke, or reactions to
medications, drugs, or toxins.
3
, 19.What is the pathophysiology of seizures? - ANSWER Uncontrolled electrical
activity in the brain caused by excessive neuron discharges, leading to
random depolarization of neurons.
20.What can ischemia lead to in terms of seizures? - ANSWER Decreased pH
and potential electrolyte abnormalities, which can trigger seizures.
21.How can electrolyte imbalances affect seizures? - ANSWER Imbalances can
decrease the action potential threshold, leading to increased neuronal
depolarization and potential seizures.
22.What is the effect of direct trauma on seizures? - ANSWER Injury to cerebral
tissue can cause edema and changes in electrolytes and pH, leading to
seizures.
23.What neurotransmitter abnormalities can lead to seizure activity? -
ANSWER Imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin syndrome
from medications, can cause seizures.
24.What criteria are used to diagnose epilepsy? - ANSWER Two or more
unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart, or one
unprovoked seizure with a high probability of further seizures.
25.What are the two main types of seizures? - ANSWER Generalized seizures
and focal (partial) seizures.
4
