CTEL Actual Test Questions with Correct Solutions
Stages of 1st Language Development
5 stages: babbling stage, one-word, two-word, telegraphic stage, multiword stage
behaviorist model
BF Skinner, asserts that individuals learn language as a direct response to stimuli.
problems- difficults to see as a response to stimuli, overly simplistic
nativist model
Noam Chomsky. an attempt to explain how people are able to understand and
produce a seemingly infinite number of linguistic expressions. individuals are born
with a universal grammar wired into their brains. principles of language are innate.
Vygotsky's theory
sociocultural theory states that learning begins as a result of interpersonal
communications and is then internalized as intrapersonal. ZONE OF PROXIMAL
DEVELOPMENT. target, point in the middle, scaffolding
BRofenbrenner's model
In his initial theory, Bronfenbrenner postulated that in order to understand human
development, the entire ecological system in which growth occurs needs to be
taken into account. In subsequent revisions, Bronfenbrenner acknowledged the
,relevance of biological and genetic aspects of the person in human
development.ecological model, describes development in terms of 4 levels:
MICROsystem, MESOsystem, exosystem, MACROsystem
Steven Pinker
TOP living theorists on human language acquisition. agreed with Chomsky but
added that it is the result of millions of years of evolution
Jim Cummins
BICS- coined this term, basic. interpersonal. communicative. skills. (use of
language in social and informal settings.) CALP also. cognitive. academic.
language. proficiency. (use of language in the classroom)
Social Interactionsist model
the child will learn to speak in the manner and syntax of those people who speak to
him. the childs knowledge of the world and context will give him tools for
understanding language. still doesn't explain how young children can improvise
language
Cognitive model
,PIAGET. asserts that individuals develop linguistic skills in order to control their
environment. 4 basic stages of cognitive development- 1) sensorimotor intelligence
2) preoperational thought 3) concrete operations 4) formal operations
Acquisition-learning model
"model of 2nd language learning". there are 2 ways in which an individual
develops proficiency in a second language, acquisition and learning.
acquisition
the subconscious process by which vocabulary and the basic rules of grammar are
slowly and steadily absorbed.
Input hypothesis
Steven Krashen's model of 2nd-language acquisition. individuals need to be given
info slightly above their ability level in a given language. This can be difficult to
apply in a classroom setting because it is very difficult to set the instruction level at
the appropriate point for each child
moniter hypothesis
explains how learning grammatical rules affects language acquisition. when an
individual learns rules of grammar, he is able to monitor consciously the discourse
he hears in the future. individuals use grammatical rules to monitor their speech.
, Sociocognitive approach
true competence is demonstrated in the ability to express oneself in different social
contexts. unlike other approaches, this emphasizes conversation in social contexts.
social necessity is the primary motivator of language development. children
develop their linguistic ability by engaging with different people. true language
development is evident when a student can modify his expression in these different
contexts.
natural order hypothesis
introduced by Krashen. there is a typicdal order of linguistic acquisition. the
acquisition of a 2nd language will follow predictable patterns. certain grammatical
structures will almost always be acquired before others, regardless of age. supports
idea that bilingual programs should follow a specific order of instruction. ability to
write will lag one or 2 levels behind oral proficiency
affective filter hypothesis
a number of emotional factors contribute to the acquisition of a 2nd laguage. self-
confidence, anxiety, and motivation exert a significant influence on the ability to
internalize vocabulary and grammatical rules. expresses the importance of
establishing a positive and welcoming environment in the classroom
BICS
Stages of 1st Language Development
5 stages: babbling stage, one-word, two-word, telegraphic stage, multiword stage
behaviorist model
BF Skinner, asserts that individuals learn language as a direct response to stimuli.
problems- difficults to see as a response to stimuli, overly simplistic
nativist model
Noam Chomsky. an attempt to explain how people are able to understand and
produce a seemingly infinite number of linguistic expressions. individuals are born
with a universal grammar wired into their brains. principles of language are innate.
Vygotsky's theory
sociocultural theory states that learning begins as a result of interpersonal
communications and is then internalized as intrapersonal. ZONE OF PROXIMAL
DEVELOPMENT. target, point in the middle, scaffolding
BRofenbrenner's model
In his initial theory, Bronfenbrenner postulated that in order to understand human
development, the entire ecological system in which growth occurs needs to be
taken into account. In subsequent revisions, Bronfenbrenner acknowledged the
,relevance of biological and genetic aspects of the person in human
development.ecological model, describes development in terms of 4 levels:
MICROsystem, MESOsystem, exosystem, MACROsystem
Steven Pinker
TOP living theorists on human language acquisition. agreed with Chomsky but
added that it is the result of millions of years of evolution
Jim Cummins
BICS- coined this term, basic. interpersonal. communicative. skills. (use of
language in social and informal settings.) CALP also. cognitive. academic.
language. proficiency. (use of language in the classroom)
Social Interactionsist model
the child will learn to speak in the manner and syntax of those people who speak to
him. the childs knowledge of the world and context will give him tools for
understanding language. still doesn't explain how young children can improvise
language
Cognitive model
,PIAGET. asserts that individuals develop linguistic skills in order to control their
environment. 4 basic stages of cognitive development- 1) sensorimotor intelligence
2) preoperational thought 3) concrete operations 4) formal operations
Acquisition-learning model
"model of 2nd language learning". there are 2 ways in which an individual
develops proficiency in a second language, acquisition and learning.
acquisition
the subconscious process by which vocabulary and the basic rules of grammar are
slowly and steadily absorbed.
Input hypothesis
Steven Krashen's model of 2nd-language acquisition. individuals need to be given
info slightly above their ability level in a given language. This can be difficult to
apply in a classroom setting because it is very difficult to set the instruction level at
the appropriate point for each child
moniter hypothesis
explains how learning grammatical rules affects language acquisition. when an
individual learns rules of grammar, he is able to monitor consciously the discourse
he hears in the future. individuals use grammatical rules to monitor their speech.
, Sociocognitive approach
true competence is demonstrated in the ability to express oneself in different social
contexts. unlike other approaches, this emphasizes conversation in social contexts.
social necessity is the primary motivator of language development. children
develop their linguistic ability by engaging with different people. true language
development is evident when a student can modify his expression in these different
contexts.
natural order hypothesis
introduced by Krashen. there is a typicdal order of linguistic acquisition. the
acquisition of a 2nd language will follow predictable patterns. certain grammatical
structures will almost always be acquired before others, regardless of age. supports
idea that bilingual programs should follow a specific order of instruction. ability to
write will lag one or 2 levels behind oral proficiency
affective filter hypothesis
a number of emotional factors contribute to the acquisition of a 2nd laguage. self-
confidence, anxiety, and motivation exert a significant influence on the ability to
internalize vocabulary and grammatical rules. expresses the importance of
establishing a positive and welcoming environment in the classroom
BICS
