NU 545 UNIT 1 2026/2027 | COMPLETE EXAM PREP | HIGH-YIELD
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS | COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY GUIDE | LATEST UPDATE
1. Describe the characteristics of caseous necrosis and explain how it differs
from other types of necrosis.
Caseous necrosis is characterized by a cheese-like appearance and
is typically associated with tuberculosis, differing from other types
by its specific morphology and underlying causes.
Caseous necrosis involves the liquefaction of tissue and is associated
with bacterial infections.
Caseous necrosis is characterized by fat cell destruction and is
commonly seen in pancreatitis.
Caseous necrosis is a type of coagulative necrosis that occurs in the
heart after a myocardial infarction.
2. Cellular injury, with release of lysosomal enzymes, will results in which of the
following?
Cellular autonomy
Cellular anaplasia
Cellular self-digestion
Cellular hypertrophy
3. What term describes the process by which cells communicate with each
other through the release of signaling molecules?
Chemical signaling
Active transport
Metabolic absorption
, Cellular respiration
4. Hemosiderosis is caused by excessive build up of what substance
Calcium
Citrate
Iron
Mercury
5. What is the process called that uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from
a molecule?
Dehydration
Hydrolysis
Reduction
Oxidation
6. Describe how the influx of calcium ions into the cytosol can affect cellular
processes.
The influx of calcium ions leads to cell death and apoptosis only.
The influx of calcium ions has no significant effect on cellular
processes.
The influx of calcium ions only affects metabolic absorption.
The influx of calcium ions into the cytosol can trigger various
cellular processes such as muscle contraction and neurotransmitter
release.
7. Think, Do all embryonic cells have centrioles ... yes. Do all adult cells have
centrioles ... ? Thus in the adult which cells, if any, lose their ability to replicate
, and divide?
Cells of the lens of the eye, brain, cardiac muscle and skeletal
muscle cannot replicate and divide.
None, all cells have the ability to replicate and divide.
Epithelial Cells of the lung and intestinal tract cannot replicate and
divide.
Epithelial Cells of the skin cannot replicate and divide.
8. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a combination of problems that can occur in
a child whose mother drank alcohol while pregnant. Symptoms of FAS
include all of the following EXCEPT
distorted facial features
excessive fetal growth
cognitive deficits and behavior problems
learning difficulties
9. Describe how antioxidant production contributes to cellular protection from
injury.
Antioxidants enhance cellular respiration, increasing energy
production.
Antioxidants promote cell division, allowing for faster recovery from
injury.
Antioxidant production helps neutralize free radicals, reducing
oxidative stress and protecting cellular components.
Antioxidants are involved in protein synthesis, which is essential for
cell structure.
, 10. Describe how elevated cholesterol levels in cirrhosis might impact the
functionality of erythrocytes.
Elevated cholesterol levels have no impact on erythrocyte
functionality.
Elevated cholesterol levels enhance the oxygen-carrying capacity of
erythrocytes.
Elevated cholesterol levels increase the rate of erythrocyte
production.
Elevated cholesterol levels can alter the membrane properties of
erythrocytes, affecting their flexibility and ability to navigate
through blood vessels.
11. Describe the mechanism by which cell injury affects sodium and water levels
in the cell.
Cell injury disrupts the sodium-potassium pump, leading to sodium
accumulation and water influx.
Cell injury has no effect on sodium or water levels.
Cell injury enhances the sodium-potassium pump, causing sodium
depletion and water loss.
Cell injury increases potassium levels, resulting in sodium loss and
dehydration.
12. What is the primary consequence of ischemia on cellular ATP levels?
Increased glucose uptake
No effect on ATP production
Decreased ATP production
Increased ATP production
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS | COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY GUIDE | LATEST UPDATE
1. Describe the characteristics of caseous necrosis and explain how it differs
from other types of necrosis.
Caseous necrosis is characterized by a cheese-like appearance and
is typically associated with tuberculosis, differing from other types
by its specific morphology and underlying causes.
Caseous necrosis involves the liquefaction of tissue and is associated
with bacterial infections.
Caseous necrosis is characterized by fat cell destruction and is
commonly seen in pancreatitis.
Caseous necrosis is a type of coagulative necrosis that occurs in the
heart after a myocardial infarction.
2. Cellular injury, with release of lysosomal enzymes, will results in which of the
following?
Cellular autonomy
Cellular anaplasia
Cellular self-digestion
Cellular hypertrophy
3. What term describes the process by which cells communicate with each
other through the release of signaling molecules?
Chemical signaling
Active transport
Metabolic absorption
, Cellular respiration
4. Hemosiderosis is caused by excessive build up of what substance
Calcium
Citrate
Iron
Mercury
5. What is the process called that uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from
a molecule?
Dehydration
Hydrolysis
Reduction
Oxidation
6. Describe how the influx of calcium ions into the cytosol can affect cellular
processes.
The influx of calcium ions leads to cell death and apoptosis only.
The influx of calcium ions has no significant effect on cellular
processes.
The influx of calcium ions only affects metabolic absorption.
The influx of calcium ions into the cytosol can trigger various
cellular processes such as muscle contraction and neurotransmitter
release.
7. Think, Do all embryonic cells have centrioles ... yes. Do all adult cells have
centrioles ... ? Thus in the adult which cells, if any, lose their ability to replicate
, and divide?
Cells of the lens of the eye, brain, cardiac muscle and skeletal
muscle cannot replicate and divide.
None, all cells have the ability to replicate and divide.
Epithelial Cells of the lung and intestinal tract cannot replicate and
divide.
Epithelial Cells of the skin cannot replicate and divide.
8. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a combination of problems that can occur in
a child whose mother drank alcohol while pregnant. Symptoms of FAS
include all of the following EXCEPT
distorted facial features
excessive fetal growth
cognitive deficits and behavior problems
learning difficulties
9. Describe how antioxidant production contributes to cellular protection from
injury.
Antioxidants enhance cellular respiration, increasing energy
production.
Antioxidants promote cell division, allowing for faster recovery from
injury.
Antioxidant production helps neutralize free radicals, reducing
oxidative stress and protecting cellular components.
Antioxidants are involved in protein synthesis, which is essential for
cell structure.
, 10. Describe how elevated cholesterol levels in cirrhosis might impact the
functionality of erythrocytes.
Elevated cholesterol levels have no impact on erythrocyte
functionality.
Elevated cholesterol levels enhance the oxygen-carrying capacity of
erythrocytes.
Elevated cholesterol levels increase the rate of erythrocyte
production.
Elevated cholesterol levels can alter the membrane properties of
erythrocytes, affecting their flexibility and ability to navigate
through blood vessels.
11. Describe the mechanism by which cell injury affects sodium and water levels
in the cell.
Cell injury disrupts the sodium-potassium pump, leading to sodium
accumulation and water influx.
Cell injury has no effect on sodium or water levels.
Cell injury enhances the sodium-potassium pump, causing sodium
depletion and water loss.
Cell injury increases potassium levels, resulting in sodium loss and
dehydration.
12. What is the primary consequence of ischemia on cellular ATP levels?
Increased glucose uptake
No effect on ATP production
Decreased ATP production
Increased ATP production
