NUR 305: Foundations Review Questions with
Verified Correct Answers
Pathophysiology
The study of how normal body processes change because of disease or injury.
Etiology
The cause or reason a disease/event occurs.
Pathogenesis
How a disease develops and progresses from the original cause to the patient's current
condition.
Clinical manifestations
The signs and symptoms caused by a disease, including stages and acute or chronic
manifestations.
Plasma membrane (cell membrane)
Surrounds the cell and controls what enters, what leaves, and the cell's internal environment.
Glycoproteins
Cell-surface markers, also called antigens, that help identify cells as self versus non-self.
Sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump)
Uses ATP to move 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell, helping maintain ion
concentrations and resting electrical potential.
ATP
The cell's usable energy; the sodium-potassium pump requires ATP.
, Mitochondria
The 'powerhouses of the cell'; they produce ATP/energy and contain their own DNA,
inherited primarily from the mother.
Aerobic metabolism
Metabolism that requires oxygen to generate energy.
Anaerobic metabolism
Metabolism that occurs without adequate oxygen and produces lactic acid.
Lactic acid
A major byproduct of anaerobic metabolism; accumulation can contribute to acidosis.
Lysosomes
Cell structures that break down and remove substances; they function like a cellular garbage
disposal/recycling center.
Tay-Sachs disease
A genetic disorder associated with lysosomal deficiency in which gangliosides accumulate
and become toxic to nervous tissue, causing progressive neurologic decline.
Proteasomes
Structures that break down polypeptides and proteins.
Peroxisomes
Structures that break down long-chain fatty acids.
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Verified Correct Answers
Pathophysiology
The study of how normal body processes change because of disease or injury.
Etiology
The cause or reason a disease/event occurs.
Pathogenesis
How a disease develops and progresses from the original cause to the patient's current
condition.
Clinical manifestations
The signs and symptoms caused by a disease, including stages and acute or chronic
manifestations.
Plasma membrane (cell membrane)
Surrounds the cell and controls what enters, what leaves, and the cell's internal environment.
Glycoproteins
Cell-surface markers, also called antigens, that help identify cells as self versus non-self.
Sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump)
Uses ATP to move 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell, helping maintain ion
concentrations and resting electrical potential.
ATP
The cell's usable energy; the sodium-potassium pump requires ATP.
, Mitochondria
The 'powerhouses of the cell'; they produce ATP/energy and contain their own DNA,
inherited primarily from the mother.
Aerobic metabolism
Metabolism that requires oxygen to generate energy.
Anaerobic metabolism
Metabolism that occurs without adequate oxygen and produces lactic acid.
Lactic acid
A major byproduct of anaerobic metabolism; accumulation can contribute to acidosis.
Lysosomes
Cell structures that break down and remove substances; they function like a cellular garbage
disposal/recycling center.
Tay-Sachs disease
A genetic disorder associated with lysosomal deficiency in which gangliosides accumulate
and become toxic to nervous tissue, causing progressive neurologic decline.
Proteasomes
Structures that break down polypeptides and proteins.
Peroxisomes
Structures that break down long-chain fatty acids.
Adrenoleukodystrophy
