NR546 FINAL UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
●● Unipolar depression
Answer: major depressive disorder (MDD)
one of the most common mental disorders
-Approximately 7.1% of adults in the U.S. had episode in last year,
prevalence highest (13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25
S/S
-depressed mood
-loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities
-irritability
-withdrawal
-problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth
-severe depression: may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic
symptoms.
●● Bipolar disorder (BD)
Answer: Chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in
mood, energy, and ability to function
,-Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed
mood or psychotic features
-many have only experienced only one manic episode in their lifetime
-Mood fluctuations may be separated by periods of high stability or may
cycle rapidly
-diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or
hypomania with a history of one or more major depressive episodes
-high risk for suicide
●● mania
Answer: characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable
mood. Related symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased
goal-directed activity or energy, including grandiosity, decreased need
for sleep, excessive talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI),
distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and a propensity to be involved in
high-risk activities. Mania leads to significant functional impairment and
may include psychotic features or necessitate hospitalization
●● Bipolar Type I:
Answer: requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or
any duration if hospitalization due to symptoms is required)
●● Bipolar Type II:
,Answer: diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a
current or past major depressive episode. Symptoms last for at least 4
days but fewer than seven.
-Hypomanic symptoms are not of sufficient duration or severity to cause
significant functional impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization.
-Anger and irritability are common.
-Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant to report
these symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client
presents in the depression phase.
●● Cyclothymia:
Answer: involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive
symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive
or manic/hypomanic episode.
●● If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD:
Answer: antidepressant therapy may precipitate a manic episode or
induce rapid-cycling bipolar depression
-may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in
children and adults younger than 25
●● Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder
and never as ________________.
Answer: monotherapy
, -Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent
the onset of a hypomanic or manic episode
●● DA, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms
Answer: Decreased positive affect:
depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
decreased alertness
decreased self-confidence
appetite changes
●● 5HT, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms
Answer: Increased negative affect:
depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
●● Unipolar depression
Answer: major depressive disorder (MDD)
one of the most common mental disorders
-Approximately 7.1% of adults in the U.S. had episode in last year,
prevalence highest (13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25
S/S
-depressed mood
-loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities
-irritability
-withdrawal
-problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth
-severe depression: may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic
symptoms.
●● Bipolar disorder (BD)
Answer: Chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in
mood, energy, and ability to function
,-Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed
mood or psychotic features
-many have only experienced only one manic episode in their lifetime
-Mood fluctuations may be separated by periods of high stability or may
cycle rapidly
-diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or
hypomania with a history of one or more major depressive episodes
-high risk for suicide
●● mania
Answer: characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable
mood. Related symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased
goal-directed activity or energy, including grandiosity, decreased need
for sleep, excessive talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI),
distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and a propensity to be involved in
high-risk activities. Mania leads to significant functional impairment and
may include psychotic features or necessitate hospitalization
●● Bipolar Type I:
Answer: requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or
any duration if hospitalization due to symptoms is required)
●● Bipolar Type II:
,Answer: diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a
current or past major depressive episode. Symptoms last for at least 4
days but fewer than seven.
-Hypomanic symptoms are not of sufficient duration or severity to cause
significant functional impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization.
-Anger and irritability are common.
-Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant to report
these symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client
presents in the depression phase.
●● Cyclothymia:
Answer: involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive
symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive
or manic/hypomanic episode.
●● If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD:
Answer: antidepressant therapy may precipitate a manic episode or
induce rapid-cycling bipolar depression
-may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in
children and adults younger than 25
●● Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder
and never as ________________.
Answer: monotherapy
, -Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent
the onset of a hypomanic or manic episode
●● DA, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms
Answer: Decreased positive affect:
depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
decreased alertness
decreased self-confidence
appetite changes
●● 5HT, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms
Answer: Increased negative affect:
depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
