ACP COPR Review Exam UPDATED
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Autonomy - CORRECT ANSWER a patient's right to direct their own care.
Beneficence - CORRECT ANSWER to act in the patient's best interest.
Nonmalefisence - CORRECT ANSWER To do no harm
Justice - CORRECT ANSWER To treat all patients fairyl
Components of wellness - CORRECT ANSWER ○ physical, mental, emotional and *spiritual
Defence mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER ○ denial- Statements such as "I'm fine, only hurts
a little".
○ regression- Returns to an earlier age level of behavior
○ projection- Attributing your own (sometimes unacceptable) feelings, motives, desires, or behaviour
to others.
○ displacement- Redirects and emotion from the original cause of the emotion. Often anger towards a
paramedic.
Qualitative description - CORRECT ANSWER Subjective approach, seek in depth description
in narrative form
■ Unstructured
■ Summary
● Descriptive - summarizes occurrences in everyday terms of those events
● Phenomenology - Describe the meaning of lived experiences
● Grounded theory - Generate or discover a general explanation or theory
● Ethnography - Understanding meanings or behaviors associated with membership or group of teams
■ Subjective conclusions
■ Interviews, Focus groups, Observations
,■ Internal validity - Confidence in conclusion based on results as accurate and true
■ External Validity - Confidence be generalized, do methods support the answer?
Quantative - CORRECT ANSWER Objective approach, seek precise measurement in
numerical forum
■ Structured
■ Statistical Analysis
■ Objective conclusion
■ Surveys, Experiments
Research ethics board - CORRECT ANSWER Ethics, used when starting research
Research bias - CORRECT ANSWER ○ Cofounding - Intervention or exposure that risks the
study outcome
○ Random Error - Error that may exist by chance
Quantitive research process - CORRECT ANSWER ○ Plan Study - problem space - gap
between existing knowledge and desired knowledge
FINER - CORRECT ANSWER ○ Feasibility
○ Interesting
○ Novel
○ Ethical
○ Relevant
PICO - CORRECT ANSWER ○ Population
○ Interventions
○ Comparison
○ Outcome
Study outcomes - CORRECT ANSWER What is set out to be measured, defined by PICO
,Results - CORRECT ANSWER Data collected
Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER prediction of outcome
Variables - CORRECT ANSWER ■ Independent - Researcher changes variables
■ Dependant - Variable affected by changes
Purpose statements - CORRECT ANSWER Intent of study
Saturation - CORRECT ANSWER no additional data are being found
Reliability - CORRECT ANSWER Degree of consistency in measurement of variable
Validity - CORRECT ANSWER Degree of the variable accurately measures what's anticipated
Retrospective study - CORRECT ANSWER Outcome of interest has occurred, looks at
previous data
Prospective study - CORRECT ANSWER Outcome has not occurred, makes data
P-value - CORRECT ANSWER Estimate % probability, Lower P-value <0.05 is stronger
evidence, Higher P-value is null hypothesis (Goes against hypothesis)
Knowledge translation - CORRECT ANSWER Synthesizing info from various sources
Dissemination - CORRECT ANSWER Actively sharing combined information
Systemic review - CORRECT ANSWER a review of the evidence on a clearly formulated
question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select and critically appraise relevant
primary research (bunch of studies together)
, Randomized control trials - CORRECT ANSWER - The randomised control trial (RCT) is a
trial in which subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups: one (the experimental group)
receiving the intervention that is being tested, and the other (the comparison group or control)
receiving an alternative (conventional) treatment
Cohort studies - CORRECT ANSWER A cohort study is a particular form of longitudinal study
that samples a cohort (group of people), performing a cross-section at intervals through time. It is a
type of panel study where the individuals in the panel share a common characteristic
Case series (reports) - CORRECT ANSWER A case series (also known as a clinical series) is a
type of medical research study that tracks subjects with a known exposure, such as patients who have
received a similar treatment, or examines their medical records for exposure and outcome
Editorials (expert opinion) - CORRECT ANSWER short, invited opinion pieces that discuss an
issue of immediate importance to the research community. Editorials should have fewer than 1000
words total, no abstract, a minimal number of references (definitely no more than 5), and no figures or
tables (although they do have a photograph of the author as an illustration)
Strongest to weakest studies - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Systemic reviews
2. Randomized control trials
3. Cohort studies
4. Case studies
5. Editorials
Ventilators - CORRECT ANSWER ○ Positive Pressure (Regular Ventilator)
○ Negative Pressure (Iron lung, Cuirass)
Non-invasive ventilators - CORRECT ANSWER ○ CPAP - Set pressure, Increased FRC and
decreased effort
○ BiPAP - Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure, PEEP (EPAP); IPAP > EPAP by 4cmH2O
Volume control ventilator - CORRECT ANSWER Set rate and volume, No spontaneous
breaths made by pt. Pt requires deep sedation/paralysis
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Autonomy - CORRECT ANSWER a patient's right to direct their own care.
Beneficence - CORRECT ANSWER to act in the patient's best interest.
Nonmalefisence - CORRECT ANSWER To do no harm
Justice - CORRECT ANSWER To treat all patients fairyl
Components of wellness - CORRECT ANSWER ○ physical, mental, emotional and *spiritual
Defence mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER ○ denial- Statements such as "I'm fine, only hurts
a little".
○ regression- Returns to an earlier age level of behavior
○ projection- Attributing your own (sometimes unacceptable) feelings, motives, desires, or behaviour
to others.
○ displacement- Redirects and emotion from the original cause of the emotion. Often anger towards a
paramedic.
Qualitative description - CORRECT ANSWER Subjective approach, seek in depth description
in narrative form
■ Unstructured
■ Summary
● Descriptive - summarizes occurrences in everyday terms of those events
● Phenomenology - Describe the meaning of lived experiences
● Grounded theory - Generate or discover a general explanation or theory
● Ethnography - Understanding meanings or behaviors associated with membership or group of teams
■ Subjective conclusions
■ Interviews, Focus groups, Observations
,■ Internal validity - Confidence in conclusion based on results as accurate and true
■ External Validity - Confidence be generalized, do methods support the answer?
Quantative - CORRECT ANSWER Objective approach, seek precise measurement in
numerical forum
■ Structured
■ Statistical Analysis
■ Objective conclusion
■ Surveys, Experiments
Research ethics board - CORRECT ANSWER Ethics, used when starting research
Research bias - CORRECT ANSWER ○ Cofounding - Intervention or exposure that risks the
study outcome
○ Random Error - Error that may exist by chance
Quantitive research process - CORRECT ANSWER ○ Plan Study - problem space - gap
between existing knowledge and desired knowledge
FINER - CORRECT ANSWER ○ Feasibility
○ Interesting
○ Novel
○ Ethical
○ Relevant
PICO - CORRECT ANSWER ○ Population
○ Interventions
○ Comparison
○ Outcome
Study outcomes - CORRECT ANSWER What is set out to be measured, defined by PICO
,Results - CORRECT ANSWER Data collected
Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER prediction of outcome
Variables - CORRECT ANSWER ■ Independent - Researcher changes variables
■ Dependant - Variable affected by changes
Purpose statements - CORRECT ANSWER Intent of study
Saturation - CORRECT ANSWER no additional data are being found
Reliability - CORRECT ANSWER Degree of consistency in measurement of variable
Validity - CORRECT ANSWER Degree of the variable accurately measures what's anticipated
Retrospective study - CORRECT ANSWER Outcome of interest has occurred, looks at
previous data
Prospective study - CORRECT ANSWER Outcome has not occurred, makes data
P-value - CORRECT ANSWER Estimate % probability, Lower P-value <0.05 is stronger
evidence, Higher P-value is null hypothesis (Goes against hypothesis)
Knowledge translation - CORRECT ANSWER Synthesizing info from various sources
Dissemination - CORRECT ANSWER Actively sharing combined information
Systemic review - CORRECT ANSWER a review of the evidence on a clearly formulated
question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select and critically appraise relevant
primary research (bunch of studies together)
, Randomized control trials - CORRECT ANSWER - The randomised control trial (RCT) is a
trial in which subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups: one (the experimental group)
receiving the intervention that is being tested, and the other (the comparison group or control)
receiving an alternative (conventional) treatment
Cohort studies - CORRECT ANSWER A cohort study is a particular form of longitudinal study
that samples a cohort (group of people), performing a cross-section at intervals through time. It is a
type of panel study where the individuals in the panel share a common characteristic
Case series (reports) - CORRECT ANSWER A case series (also known as a clinical series) is a
type of medical research study that tracks subjects with a known exposure, such as patients who have
received a similar treatment, or examines their medical records for exposure and outcome
Editorials (expert opinion) - CORRECT ANSWER short, invited opinion pieces that discuss an
issue of immediate importance to the research community. Editorials should have fewer than 1000
words total, no abstract, a minimal number of references (definitely no more than 5), and no figures or
tables (although they do have a photograph of the author as an illustration)
Strongest to weakest studies - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Systemic reviews
2. Randomized control trials
3. Cohort studies
4. Case studies
5. Editorials
Ventilators - CORRECT ANSWER ○ Positive Pressure (Regular Ventilator)
○ Negative Pressure (Iron lung, Cuirass)
Non-invasive ventilators - CORRECT ANSWER ○ CPAP - Set pressure, Increased FRC and
decreased effort
○ BiPAP - Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure, PEEP (EPAP); IPAP > EPAP by 4cmH2O
Volume control ventilator - CORRECT ANSWER Set rate and volume, No spontaneous
breaths made by pt. Pt requires deep sedation/paralysis
