BIO 340 CORE REVIEWS ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS
SET A+
✔✔Mitosis - ✔✔starts with a single diploid cell and ends with two diploid cells
mitosis has only one cell division
many kinds of cells undergo mitosis
✔✔Meiosis - ✔✔meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and ends with four haploid cells
meiosis involves two cell divisions
only specialized cells in the gremlin can undergo meiosis
✔✔Kinetochores - ✔✔what centromeres bind proteins complexes to
✔✔Prophase - ✔✔chromosomes condense
✔✔prophase 1 - ✔✔homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrads; crossover
occurs
✔✔Metaphase - ✔✔chromosomes line up
✔✔Anaphase - ✔✔chromosomes separate and migrate
✔✔Anaphase 1 - ✔✔homologous chromosomes separate
✔✔Telophase - ✔✔chromosomes decondense and the cell splits
✔✔Syntenic genes are - ✔✔located on the same chromosome
✔✔Linked genes - ✔✔are syntenic and near one another
violate medals law of independent assortment
✔✔An individual is heterozygous at two, unlinked autosomal local (A and B) if its
genotype is Aa Bb, what gametes does it produce? - ✔✔AB, Ab, aB, ab
,✔✔An individual is heterozygous at two, unlinked autosomal local (A and B). What are
its gamete ratios? - ✔✔1:1:1:1
✔✔An individual is heterozygous at two, LINKED autosomal loci (E and F). What is its
chromosomal arrangement? - ✔✔=E===F= and =e===f=
=E===f= and =e===F=
✔✔A double heterozygous has phase Ef/eF. What are its parental
chromosomes/gametes? - ✔✔Ef and eF
✔✔A double heterozygote has phase Ef/eF. What are its recombinant (non-parental)
chromosomes/gametes? - ✔✔EF and ef
✔✔If genes are linked then - ✔✔less than 50% of gametes are recombinant & more
than 50% of gametes are parental
✔✔Chiasmata - ✔✔occurs during meiosis and are locations where homologous, non
sister chromatids exchange genetic information
✔✔Crossing over - ✔✔when a haploid cell contains sequences from two different
homologous chromosomes
✔✔Linkage Analysis tells us.. - ✔✔-test if two genes are linked or independently
assorting
-if genes are linked, we know that they are on the same chromosome
-the strength of linkage tells us the genetic distance between two genes
- distance information helps us draw a map of the genes on each chromosome
✔✔Recombination Frequency - ✔✔=number of recombinants/ total number of offspring
✔✔Genes on the same chromosome have a maximum recombination frequency of -
✔✔50%
✔✔Genes on the same chromosomes have a minimum recombination frequency of -
✔✔0%
✔✔Genes on different chromosomes have a "recombination frequency" of... - ✔✔50%
✔✔What is genetic linkage measured in? - ✔✔centimorgans (cM)
✔✔How to measure the distance between widely spread genes? - ✔✔add up the
distance between closer genes in-between
, ✔✔Steps in making the recombination distance between two genes (4 steps) - ✔✔1.
cross and individual that is heterozygous for both genes with an individual that is
homozygous recessive (test cross)
2. classify the offspring according to phenotypes
3. determine which offspring are recombinants and which are non-recombinants
4. calculate the recombination frequency to estimate the genetic distance between the
genes
✔✔You are studying two linked genes that influence vine height and fruit color in
squash. Yellow color is dominant over green, and tall height is dominant over short. You
get the following numbers of offspring from your test cross:
198 tall yellow, 192 short green, 54 tall green, and 56 short yellow
which offspring are recombinants? - ✔✔tall green and short yellow
✔✔You are studying two linked genes that influence vine height and fruit color in
squash. Yellow color is dominant over green, and tall height is dominant over short. You
get the following numbers of offspring from your test cross:
198 tall yellow, 192 short green, 54 tall green, and 56 short yellow
What is the distance between these genes? - ✔✔22 cM
54+56=110
198+192+54+56= 500
110/500=22
✔✔You preform another test cross with these same squash plants. What proportion of
the offspring do you expect to have the recombinant phenotype TALL GREEN? -
✔✔11%
-22% of offspring will recombinants, half of those will be Tall Green, therefore the
answer is 11%
✔✔Three-Point Testcross - ✔✔cross a trihybrid with an individual that is homozygous
recessive for all three genes
-this cross can tell not the order of the genes and the distance between them
✔✔Interference - ✔✔the presence of on crossover prevents other crossovers from
occurring nearby
✔✔Coefficient of Interference - ✔✔1-observed frequency of double crossover /
expected frequency of double crossover
✔✔positive assortative mating - ✔✔bias towards phenotypically similar mates
✔✔negative assortative mating - ✔✔bias towards phenotypically different mates
SET A+
✔✔Mitosis - ✔✔starts with a single diploid cell and ends with two diploid cells
mitosis has only one cell division
many kinds of cells undergo mitosis
✔✔Meiosis - ✔✔meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and ends with four haploid cells
meiosis involves two cell divisions
only specialized cells in the gremlin can undergo meiosis
✔✔Kinetochores - ✔✔what centromeres bind proteins complexes to
✔✔Prophase - ✔✔chromosomes condense
✔✔prophase 1 - ✔✔homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrads; crossover
occurs
✔✔Metaphase - ✔✔chromosomes line up
✔✔Anaphase - ✔✔chromosomes separate and migrate
✔✔Anaphase 1 - ✔✔homologous chromosomes separate
✔✔Telophase - ✔✔chromosomes decondense and the cell splits
✔✔Syntenic genes are - ✔✔located on the same chromosome
✔✔Linked genes - ✔✔are syntenic and near one another
violate medals law of independent assortment
✔✔An individual is heterozygous at two, unlinked autosomal local (A and B) if its
genotype is Aa Bb, what gametes does it produce? - ✔✔AB, Ab, aB, ab
,✔✔An individual is heterozygous at two, unlinked autosomal local (A and B). What are
its gamete ratios? - ✔✔1:1:1:1
✔✔An individual is heterozygous at two, LINKED autosomal loci (E and F). What is its
chromosomal arrangement? - ✔✔=E===F= and =e===f=
=E===f= and =e===F=
✔✔A double heterozygous has phase Ef/eF. What are its parental
chromosomes/gametes? - ✔✔Ef and eF
✔✔A double heterozygote has phase Ef/eF. What are its recombinant (non-parental)
chromosomes/gametes? - ✔✔EF and ef
✔✔If genes are linked then - ✔✔less than 50% of gametes are recombinant & more
than 50% of gametes are parental
✔✔Chiasmata - ✔✔occurs during meiosis and are locations where homologous, non
sister chromatids exchange genetic information
✔✔Crossing over - ✔✔when a haploid cell contains sequences from two different
homologous chromosomes
✔✔Linkage Analysis tells us.. - ✔✔-test if two genes are linked or independently
assorting
-if genes are linked, we know that they are on the same chromosome
-the strength of linkage tells us the genetic distance between two genes
- distance information helps us draw a map of the genes on each chromosome
✔✔Recombination Frequency - ✔✔=number of recombinants/ total number of offspring
✔✔Genes on the same chromosome have a maximum recombination frequency of -
✔✔50%
✔✔Genes on the same chromosomes have a minimum recombination frequency of -
✔✔0%
✔✔Genes on different chromosomes have a "recombination frequency" of... - ✔✔50%
✔✔What is genetic linkage measured in? - ✔✔centimorgans (cM)
✔✔How to measure the distance between widely spread genes? - ✔✔add up the
distance between closer genes in-between
, ✔✔Steps in making the recombination distance between two genes (4 steps) - ✔✔1.
cross and individual that is heterozygous for both genes with an individual that is
homozygous recessive (test cross)
2. classify the offspring according to phenotypes
3. determine which offspring are recombinants and which are non-recombinants
4. calculate the recombination frequency to estimate the genetic distance between the
genes
✔✔You are studying two linked genes that influence vine height and fruit color in
squash. Yellow color is dominant over green, and tall height is dominant over short. You
get the following numbers of offspring from your test cross:
198 tall yellow, 192 short green, 54 tall green, and 56 short yellow
which offspring are recombinants? - ✔✔tall green and short yellow
✔✔You are studying two linked genes that influence vine height and fruit color in
squash. Yellow color is dominant over green, and tall height is dominant over short. You
get the following numbers of offspring from your test cross:
198 tall yellow, 192 short green, 54 tall green, and 56 short yellow
What is the distance between these genes? - ✔✔22 cM
54+56=110
198+192+54+56= 500
110/500=22
✔✔You preform another test cross with these same squash plants. What proportion of
the offspring do you expect to have the recombinant phenotype TALL GREEN? -
✔✔11%
-22% of offspring will recombinants, half of those will be Tall Green, therefore the
answer is 11%
✔✔Three-Point Testcross - ✔✔cross a trihybrid with an individual that is homozygous
recessive for all three genes
-this cross can tell not the order of the genes and the distance between them
✔✔Interference - ✔✔the presence of on crossover prevents other crossovers from
occurring nearby
✔✔Coefficient of Interference - ✔✔1-observed frequency of double crossover /
expected frequency of double crossover
✔✔positive assortative mating - ✔✔bias towards phenotypically similar mates
✔✔negative assortative mating - ✔✔bias towards phenotypically different mates
