NURS-2710 -Pathophysiology Exam 1
Test Questions and Answers 2026/2027
Updated.
Clinical Manifestations - Answer signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
cell permeability - Answer the ability of a cell to let molecules pass through it
Cellular Adaptation - Answer atrophy (cell shrink), hypertrophy (cell gets bigger), hyperplasia
(overproduction of cells), metaplasia (different cells replace other cells), dysplasia (abnormal
growths-funky cells)
cellular death - Answer Apoptosis (good)- programmed cell death
Necrosis (bad)-cell death due to injury; irreversible, Membrane disintegrates, lysosomal
activation and autolysis- inflammation
Infarction (reversible)- Ischemic necrosis; tissue death due to prolonged ischemia
Na/K pump - Answer Active transporter that moves three Na+ out of a cell and two K+ into the
cell against their respective concentration gradients.
Concepts of Cellular Injury - Answer - Dysfunction of Sodium potassium pump
- loss of plasma membrane integrity
- defects in protein synthesis
- Intracellular accumulations
- genetic damage
pain sensation - Answer Stimulus is received by the nervous system (via nociceptors)
gate-control theory - Answer the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain
signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
Types of pain - Answer acute- hours or days, resolved by healing disorder
chronic- >6 mo, persistent inflammation, impacts quality of life
neuropathic- injury or malfunction of nervous tissue (burning, tingling, paraesthesia-pins and
needles)
, source of pain - Answer Deep somatic- ligaments, tendons (dull, poorly localized pain)
Visceral- deep organs
Referred- occurs at distance from actual pathology
Phantom- amputated part of the body
Response to stress - Answer alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Stages of pressure ulcers - Answer -stage1: nonblanchable erythema of intact skin
-stage2: partial-thickness skin loss
-stage3: full-thickness skin loss; not involving underlying fascia( epidermis and dermis)
-stage4: full-thickness skin loss with extensive destruction (epidermis, dermis, and
subcutaneous)
-unstageable: base of ulcer covered by slough and/or eschar in wound bed
simple reflex arc - Answer stimulus > receptor > (afferent) sensory neuron > intermediate
neuron(spinal cord) > (efferent) motor neuron >effector > response
hydrostatic pressure - Answer the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out
of the vessel (ECF to ICF) (push water out of vessel into cells)
osmotic pressure - Answer pressure pulling water out of cells and into vessel (ICF to ECF)
Tonicity of a solution - Answer measure of the ability of a solution to cause change in cell
shape or tone by promoting osmotic flow of water
Isotonic solution - Answer same tonicity as blood
causes no change in cell shape/size
0.9% of NaCl
Lactated RIngers (LR) - Answer similar constituents as those in blood
hypotonic solution - Answer Fewer particles (more water) than blood/body fluids
IV infusion causes shift from ECF into ICF
0.45% NaCl as treatment for dehydration
hypertonic solution - Answer More particles (less water) than blood
Test Questions and Answers 2026/2027
Updated.
Clinical Manifestations - Answer signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
cell permeability - Answer the ability of a cell to let molecules pass through it
Cellular Adaptation - Answer atrophy (cell shrink), hypertrophy (cell gets bigger), hyperplasia
(overproduction of cells), metaplasia (different cells replace other cells), dysplasia (abnormal
growths-funky cells)
cellular death - Answer Apoptosis (good)- programmed cell death
Necrosis (bad)-cell death due to injury; irreversible, Membrane disintegrates, lysosomal
activation and autolysis- inflammation
Infarction (reversible)- Ischemic necrosis; tissue death due to prolonged ischemia
Na/K pump - Answer Active transporter that moves three Na+ out of a cell and two K+ into the
cell against their respective concentration gradients.
Concepts of Cellular Injury - Answer - Dysfunction of Sodium potassium pump
- loss of plasma membrane integrity
- defects in protein synthesis
- Intracellular accumulations
- genetic damage
pain sensation - Answer Stimulus is received by the nervous system (via nociceptors)
gate-control theory - Answer the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain
signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
Types of pain - Answer acute- hours or days, resolved by healing disorder
chronic- >6 mo, persistent inflammation, impacts quality of life
neuropathic- injury or malfunction of nervous tissue (burning, tingling, paraesthesia-pins and
needles)
, source of pain - Answer Deep somatic- ligaments, tendons (dull, poorly localized pain)
Visceral- deep organs
Referred- occurs at distance from actual pathology
Phantom- amputated part of the body
Response to stress - Answer alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Stages of pressure ulcers - Answer -stage1: nonblanchable erythema of intact skin
-stage2: partial-thickness skin loss
-stage3: full-thickness skin loss; not involving underlying fascia( epidermis and dermis)
-stage4: full-thickness skin loss with extensive destruction (epidermis, dermis, and
subcutaneous)
-unstageable: base of ulcer covered by slough and/or eschar in wound bed
simple reflex arc - Answer stimulus > receptor > (afferent) sensory neuron > intermediate
neuron(spinal cord) > (efferent) motor neuron >effector > response
hydrostatic pressure - Answer the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out
of the vessel (ECF to ICF) (push water out of vessel into cells)
osmotic pressure - Answer pressure pulling water out of cells and into vessel (ICF to ECF)
Tonicity of a solution - Answer measure of the ability of a solution to cause change in cell
shape or tone by promoting osmotic flow of water
Isotonic solution - Answer same tonicity as blood
causes no change in cell shape/size
0.9% of NaCl
Lactated RIngers (LR) - Answer similar constituents as those in blood
hypotonic solution - Answer Fewer particles (more water) than blood/body fluids
IV infusion causes shift from ECF into ICF
0.45% NaCl as treatment for dehydration
hypertonic solution - Answer More particles (less water) than blood
