NR293 EXAM SCRIPT FINAL PAPER 2026
FULL SOLUTION VIEW AHEAD
◉ Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Answer: MOST COMMON
- Caused by INSULIN DEFICIENCY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE
Conditions:
- OBESITY
- CORONARY HEART DISEASE
- MICROALBUMINEMA
- Dyslipidemia
- Hypertension
- Increased risk for blood clots
Conditions referred to as metabolic syndrome, insulin-resistance
syndrome, or syndrome X
◉ What are the Macrovascular long term complications of Diabetes?.
Answer: Atherosclerotic Plaque
- Coronary arteries
,- Cerebral arteries
- Peripheral vessels
◉ What are the Microvascular long term complications of Diabetes?.
Answer: Capillary Damage
- Retinopathy
- Neuropathy
- Nephropathy
◉ Screenings for Diabetes.
Answer: Prediabetes
- HbA1C 5.7-6.4%
- Fasting plasma glucose levels higher or equal to 100 mg/dL but
less than 126 mg/dL
- Recommended every 3 years for patients 45 and older
◉ Nonpharmacologic Treatment Inverentions for Type 1.
Answer: ALWAYS REQUIRES INSULIN THERAPY
◉ Nonpharmacologic Treatment Inverentions for Type 2.
Answer: - Weight loss
,- Improved dietary habits
- Smoking cessation
- Reduced alcohol consumption
- Regular physical exercise
◉ What is the Glycemic Goal of Treatment for Diabetes?.
Answer: HEMOGLOBIN 6.5% AND UP = DIABETES
- HbA1C less than 7%
HbA1C Diagnostics
<5.7 = normal
5.7-6.4 = Prediabetes
>6.5 = Type 2
- Fasting blood glucose goal = 70-130 mg/dL
◉ Treatment for Diabetes Type 1.
Answer: INSULIN THERAPY
◉ Treatment for Diabetes Type 2.
Answer: - FIRST LINE - LIFESTYLE CHANGES
, - Oral drug therapy
- Insulin when the above no longer gives control
◉ Types of Insulins.
Answer: Rapid-acting
Short-acting
Intermediate-acting
Long-acting
◉ Rapid-Acting Insulin.
Answer: For type 1 and 2 DM
- Onset 5-15 min
- Peak 1-2 hours
- Duration 3-5 hours
- Must have meal after injection
- Can be given subcutaneously (SQ) or continuous SQ infusion pump
(NOT IV)
◉ What are the different rapid-acting insulins?.
FULL SOLUTION VIEW AHEAD
◉ Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Answer: MOST COMMON
- Caused by INSULIN DEFICIENCY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE
Conditions:
- OBESITY
- CORONARY HEART DISEASE
- MICROALBUMINEMA
- Dyslipidemia
- Hypertension
- Increased risk for blood clots
Conditions referred to as metabolic syndrome, insulin-resistance
syndrome, or syndrome X
◉ What are the Macrovascular long term complications of Diabetes?.
Answer: Atherosclerotic Plaque
- Coronary arteries
,- Cerebral arteries
- Peripheral vessels
◉ What are the Microvascular long term complications of Diabetes?.
Answer: Capillary Damage
- Retinopathy
- Neuropathy
- Nephropathy
◉ Screenings for Diabetes.
Answer: Prediabetes
- HbA1C 5.7-6.4%
- Fasting plasma glucose levels higher or equal to 100 mg/dL but
less than 126 mg/dL
- Recommended every 3 years for patients 45 and older
◉ Nonpharmacologic Treatment Inverentions for Type 1.
Answer: ALWAYS REQUIRES INSULIN THERAPY
◉ Nonpharmacologic Treatment Inverentions for Type 2.
Answer: - Weight loss
,- Improved dietary habits
- Smoking cessation
- Reduced alcohol consumption
- Regular physical exercise
◉ What is the Glycemic Goal of Treatment for Diabetes?.
Answer: HEMOGLOBIN 6.5% AND UP = DIABETES
- HbA1C less than 7%
HbA1C Diagnostics
<5.7 = normal
5.7-6.4 = Prediabetes
>6.5 = Type 2
- Fasting blood glucose goal = 70-130 mg/dL
◉ Treatment for Diabetes Type 1.
Answer: INSULIN THERAPY
◉ Treatment for Diabetes Type 2.
Answer: - FIRST LINE - LIFESTYLE CHANGES
, - Oral drug therapy
- Insulin when the above no longer gives control
◉ Types of Insulins.
Answer: Rapid-acting
Short-acting
Intermediate-acting
Long-acting
◉ Rapid-Acting Insulin.
Answer: For type 1 and 2 DM
- Onset 5-15 min
- Peak 1-2 hours
- Duration 3-5 hours
- Must have meal after injection
- Can be given subcutaneously (SQ) or continuous SQ infusion pump
(NOT IV)
◉ What are the different rapid-acting insulins?.
