CHAPTER 25: A&P OF THE HEART
2 parts of circulatory system:
● Pulmonary circulation (central circulation)
- Moves blood through the lungs and creates a link with the gas exchange function of the
respiratory system
- Right <3
- Pulmonary artery, capillaries, veins
● Systemic circulation (peripheral circulation)
- Supplies all the other tissues of the body
- Left <3
- Aorta and its branches
- Capillaries supplying the brain and peripheral tissues
- Systemic venous system and the vena cava
*****Basic circulatory circuit: Deoxygenated blood from the right side of the body travels to the right
heart via the venous system. The right heart pumps this blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The
lungs oxygenate the blood and send it to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins. This
oxygenated blood is pumped by the left heart through the aorta to the rest of the body.
Composition of blood vessels:
● Tunica Externa/Tunica Adventitia - outermost covering
Composed of fibrous and connective tissue that supports the vessel
● Tunica media - middle layer
Largely a smooth muscle layer that constricts to regulate and control the diameter of the vessel
● Tunica intima - inner layer
- An elastic layer that joins the media and a thin layer of endothelial cells that lie adjacent to the
blood
● Arteries -
- Thick-walled vessels with large amounts of elastic fibers
- Stretch during cardiac systole and recoil during diastole
● Arterioles -
- Serve as resistance vessels for the circulatory system
- Act as control valves through which blood is released as it moves into the capillaries
***Capillaries allow oxygen, nutrients, CO2 and waste products to pass to and from tissue cells. In the
lungs, alveoli and capillaries are where gas exchanges take place***
Peripheral vascular resistance is regulated by Baroreceptors which:
- Stretch sensitive receptors
- Monitor blood pressure
CHAPTER 26
The Endothelium: Multifunctional tissue–controls vascular function– it is a semipermeable membrane
that plays an essential role is MAINTAINING homeostasis
, *Blood pressure:
● Systolic pressure (ventricular contraction) the highest arterial pressure
What does systolic pressure represent? The force ejected with each beat
Systolic pressure increases as we age, b/c the aorta & large arteries lose their elasticity & become
more rigid
● Diastolic pressure (ventricular relaxation) the lowest pressure
What does diastolic pressure represent? The closure of the aortic valve
What is Dyslipidemia? Imbalance of lipid components in the bloodstream
*What is Atherosclerosis? (Hardening of the arteries)- denotes the formation of fibrofatty lesions in the
intimal (innermost) lining of the large and medium arteries such as the aorta, coronary arteries and large
vessels of the brain.
● What are the risk factors of atherosclerosis? Smoking, obesity, HTN, DM, High LDL or
Hypercholesterolemia (MAIN RISK FACTOR)
● What is considered good cholesterol? HDL→ transports cholesterol back to the liver from
the periphery
● What is considered bad cholesterol? LDL→ largely carries cholesterol to the periphery
where it may be incorporated into atherosclerotic lesions
** know the difference**
● *What’s the difference between Primary and Secondary HLD?
-Primary: inherited, Secondary: lifestyle (smoking, diet, unhealthy lifestyle)
*What are the major complications of Atherosclerosis? Stroke and MI
What are the major complications in LARGER vessels? Thrombus formation
What are the major complications in MEDIUM vessels?
-Ischemia and infarction due to vessel occlusion
(Ischemia: lack of blood flow, Infarction: obstruction/injury/death to tissue due failure of blood supply)
**When does thrombus formation occur? when blood clots and blocks veins and arteries. Symptoms
can include pain and swelling in one leg, chest pain or numbness of one side of the body, Patient can have
a stroke or MI.
S/s of thrombus formation? Pain & swelling in one leg, chest pain on one side of body
What is an aneurysm? Weakening of the vessel wall, stretch & bulging
*life threatening when ruptured*---> due to amount of bleeding
2 parts of circulatory system:
● Pulmonary circulation (central circulation)
- Moves blood through the lungs and creates a link with the gas exchange function of the
respiratory system
- Right <3
- Pulmonary artery, capillaries, veins
● Systemic circulation (peripheral circulation)
- Supplies all the other tissues of the body
- Left <3
- Aorta and its branches
- Capillaries supplying the brain and peripheral tissues
- Systemic venous system and the vena cava
*****Basic circulatory circuit: Deoxygenated blood from the right side of the body travels to the right
heart via the venous system. The right heart pumps this blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The
lungs oxygenate the blood and send it to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins. This
oxygenated blood is pumped by the left heart through the aorta to the rest of the body.
Composition of blood vessels:
● Tunica Externa/Tunica Adventitia - outermost covering
Composed of fibrous and connective tissue that supports the vessel
● Tunica media - middle layer
Largely a smooth muscle layer that constricts to regulate and control the diameter of the vessel
● Tunica intima - inner layer
- An elastic layer that joins the media and a thin layer of endothelial cells that lie adjacent to the
blood
● Arteries -
- Thick-walled vessels with large amounts of elastic fibers
- Stretch during cardiac systole and recoil during diastole
● Arterioles -
- Serve as resistance vessels for the circulatory system
- Act as control valves through which blood is released as it moves into the capillaries
***Capillaries allow oxygen, nutrients, CO2 and waste products to pass to and from tissue cells. In the
lungs, alveoli and capillaries are where gas exchanges take place***
Peripheral vascular resistance is regulated by Baroreceptors which:
- Stretch sensitive receptors
- Monitor blood pressure
CHAPTER 26
The Endothelium: Multifunctional tissue–controls vascular function– it is a semipermeable membrane
that plays an essential role is MAINTAINING homeostasis
, *Blood pressure:
● Systolic pressure (ventricular contraction) the highest arterial pressure
What does systolic pressure represent? The force ejected with each beat
Systolic pressure increases as we age, b/c the aorta & large arteries lose their elasticity & become
more rigid
● Diastolic pressure (ventricular relaxation) the lowest pressure
What does diastolic pressure represent? The closure of the aortic valve
What is Dyslipidemia? Imbalance of lipid components in the bloodstream
*What is Atherosclerosis? (Hardening of the arteries)- denotes the formation of fibrofatty lesions in the
intimal (innermost) lining of the large and medium arteries such as the aorta, coronary arteries and large
vessels of the brain.
● What are the risk factors of atherosclerosis? Smoking, obesity, HTN, DM, High LDL or
Hypercholesterolemia (MAIN RISK FACTOR)
● What is considered good cholesterol? HDL→ transports cholesterol back to the liver from
the periphery
● What is considered bad cholesterol? LDL→ largely carries cholesterol to the periphery
where it may be incorporated into atherosclerotic lesions
** know the difference**
● *What’s the difference between Primary and Secondary HLD?
-Primary: inherited, Secondary: lifestyle (smoking, diet, unhealthy lifestyle)
*What are the major complications of Atherosclerosis? Stroke and MI
What are the major complications in LARGER vessels? Thrombus formation
What are the major complications in MEDIUM vessels?
-Ischemia and infarction due to vessel occlusion
(Ischemia: lack of blood flow, Infarction: obstruction/injury/death to tissue due failure of blood supply)
**When does thrombus formation occur? when blood clots and blocks veins and arteries. Symptoms
can include pain and swelling in one leg, chest pain or numbness of one side of the body, Patient can have
a stroke or MI.
S/s of thrombus formation? Pain & swelling in one leg, chest pain on one side of body
What is an aneurysm? Weakening of the vessel wall, stretch & bulging
*life threatening when ruptured*---> due to amount of bleeding
