GALEN NUR 210 CERTIFICATION EVALUATION
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics?
Answer: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
◉ Absorption
Answer: happens with drug movement from the GI tract into the
bloodstream. Most meds are taken by mouth.
◉ Oral absorption
Answer: Takes awhile to get absorbed because it has to go through
the GI system
Usually takes 2-4 hours
•Enteric coated
aspirin - hard on stomach
can not crush pill
•Extended release
absorbed in the small intestine
◉ IM absorption
,Answer: Absorbed 1-2 hours
◉ IV absorption
Answer: Absorbed 30-60 minutes
◉ dissolution
Answer: Dissolution happens when a po medication breaks down
into particles, disintegrates, and dissolves to combine with liquid so
absorption from the GI tract into the bloodstream occurs.
Liquid medications are absorbed faster than solids. Food can
interfere with the absorption of drugs.
◉ Drugs that resist dissolution
Answer: Parenteral medications (SL, eyedrops, inhalants,
transdermal) do not pass through the GI tract.
Enteric coated medications are designed to resist disintegration
until the pill reaches the small intestine. EC and sustained release
meds should not be crushed.
◉ Factors that affect absorption
Answer: •Lack of muscle and increased fat changes medicine
absorption
•Food consumption - will change medicine potency (delayed)
•Stress - Exercise, medicine goes to muscle
,•pH - Medicine is made for acidic environments
•Antacid changes absorption
•Taken alone so it doesn't change the action
◉ Excipients
Answer: Fillers and other substances that make up tablets as a pill is
not 100% drug.
Sometimes an excipient enhances the absorption of a drug such as
with PCN, which is not well absorbed from the GI tract.
Adding Na to PCN, which makes it penicillin sodium, will increase
the absorption of PCN
◉ first pass effect
Answer: •the oral drugs go to liver via portal vein where some of the
drug becomes inactive
•Only happens with oral medications
◉ delayed gastric emptying
Answer: Food doesn't move like it should
◉ Distribution
Answer: refers to the movement of the drug from the circulation to
body tissues
, ◉ Factors affecting distribution
Answer: -blood flow to tissues
-protein binding
-blood brain barrier
-drug's affinity to the tissue
◉ protein binding
Answer: Drugs bind with proteins in blood
Some drugs are highly protein bound and other are weakly protein
bound
◉ free drugs
Answer: drugs not bound to protein
◉ Drug Toxicity
Answer: -Two highly protein bound drugs compete and one might
accumulate and cause a toxicity
-it is important to know if you are administering highly protein
bound medications and monitor albumin levels in patients with liver
or kidney disease.
-Some drugs that are highly protein bound include: Warfarin
Furosemide
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics?
Answer: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
◉ Absorption
Answer: happens with drug movement from the GI tract into the
bloodstream. Most meds are taken by mouth.
◉ Oral absorption
Answer: Takes awhile to get absorbed because it has to go through
the GI system
Usually takes 2-4 hours
•Enteric coated
aspirin - hard on stomach
can not crush pill
•Extended release
absorbed in the small intestine
◉ IM absorption
,Answer: Absorbed 1-2 hours
◉ IV absorption
Answer: Absorbed 30-60 minutes
◉ dissolution
Answer: Dissolution happens when a po medication breaks down
into particles, disintegrates, and dissolves to combine with liquid so
absorption from the GI tract into the bloodstream occurs.
Liquid medications are absorbed faster than solids. Food can
interfere with the absorption of drugs.
◉ Drugs that resist dissolution
Answer: Parenteral medications (SL, eyedrops, inhalants,
transdermal) do not pass through the GI tract.
Enteric coated medications are designed to resist disintegration
until the pill reaches the small intestine. EC and sustained release
meds should not be crushed.
◉ Factors that affect absorption
Answer: •Lack of muscle and increased fat changes medicine
absorption
•Food consumption - will change medicine potency (delayed)
•Stress - Exercise, medicine goes to muscle
,•pH - Medicine is made for acidic environments
•Antacid changes absorption
•Taken alone so it doesn't change the action
◉ Excipients
Answer: Fillers and other substances that make up tablets as a pill is
not 100% drug.
Sometimes an excipient enhances the absorption of a drug such as
with PCN, which is not well absorbed from the GI tract.
Adding Na to PCN, which makes it penicillin sodium, will increase
the absorption of PCN
◉ first pass effect
Answer: •the oral drugs go to liver via portal vein where some of the
drug becomes inactive
•Only happens with oral medications
◉ delayed gastric emptying
Answer: Food doesn't move like it should
◉ Distribution
Answer: refers to the movement of the drug from the circulation to
body tissues
, ◉ Factors affecting distribution
Answer: -blood flow to tissues
-protein binding
-blood brain barrier
-drug's affinity to the tissue
◉ protein binding
Answer: Drugs bind with proteins in blood
Some drugs are highly protein bound and other are weakly protein
bound
◉ free drugs
Answer: drugs not bound to protein
◉ Drug Toxicity
Answer: -Two highly protein bound drugs compete and one might
accumulate and cause a toxicity
-it is important to know if you are administering highly protein
bound medications and monitor albumin levels in patients with liver
or kidney disease.
-Some drugs that are highly protein bound include: Warfarin
Furosemide
