KAISER TELEMETRY RHYTHMS EXAM 5
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE AND CARDIAC
MONITORING REVIEW 2026
◉ Sinus Bradycardia Causes and treatment.
Answer: depending on cause - Normal in athletes & during sleep;
can compromise CO and cause hypotension, syncope, dizziness,
angina, & formation of ectopies
Decreased metabolic rate -
hypothermia
Increased ICP
Vagal stimulation - gag, vomit,
BM, carotid massage
MI (inferior or posterior)
Secondary effects: beta blocker,
dig, Ca++ channel blocker
Treatment - if signs or symptoms present Atropine 0.5 mg IV, if
unsuccessful external or transvenous pacemaker.
Hold drugs that decrease HR:
digoxin, beta blockers, etc.
,◉ Sinus Tachycardia Symptoms, Causes, treat.
Answer: Rate 100-150 /min
Patient's CO may be compromised due to inadequate ventricular
filling; coronary arteries have less time to fill; sometimes
palpitations, dizziness, & lightheadedness; ST is a physiological
response to anxiety, fever, pain, etc.
Causes can be: Increased metabolic demands - fever, exercise, pain
Fright, fear, anxiety
Stimulants - caffeine, nicotine
Drugs - epi, aminophylline, albuterol
Decreased blood flow - shock, CHF, hemorrhage
Treatment - treat underlying
cause
◉ Atrial Ectopic Beat (PAC—Premature Atrial Contraction)
causes and treatment.
, Answer: caused by a premature depolarization of the atria
originating from a focus outside of the sinus node. They are common
and benign without any additional indication of heart abnormality.
Causes:
• Atrial hypoxia; Atrial irritability
• Medications, especially stimulants
• Fatigue, anxiety
• Valve disease, COPD (dilated/hypertrophied atria)
• Digoxin toxicity, Hypokalemia
Treatment: Rarely treated; observe & document frequency &
patient's
condition
◉ A flutter treatment.
Answer: Atrial rate 250-400 beats/minute
Ventricular rate depends on the conduction ratio
tx: control rate, beta blockers, diltizem, verpamil, digoxin
anticoagulants- coumadin, lovenox
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE AND CARDIAC
MONITORING REVIEW 2026
◉ Sinus Bradycardia Causes and treatment.
Answer: depending on cause - Normal in athletes & during sleep;
can compromise CO and cause hypotension, syncope, dizziness,
angina, & formation of ectopies
Decreased metabolic rate -
hypothermia
Increased ICP
Vagal stimulation - gag, vomit,
BM, carotid massage
MI (inferior or posterior)
Secondary effects: beta blocker,
dig, Ca++ channel blocker
Treatment - if signs or symptoms present Atropine 0.5 mg IV, if
unsuccessful external or transvenous pacemaker.
Hold drugs that decrease HR:
digoxin, beta blockers, etc.
,◉ Sinus Tachycardia Symptoms, Causes, treat.
Answer: Rate 100-150 /min
Patient's CO may be compromised due to inadequate ventricular
filling; coronary arteries have less time to fill; sometimes
palpitations, dizziness, & lightheadedness; ST is a physiological
response to anxiety, fever, pain, etc.
Causes can be: Increased metabolic demands - fever, exercise, pain
Fright, fear, anxiety
Stimulants - caffeine, nicotine
Drugs - epi, aminophylline, albuterol
Decreased blood flow - shock, CHF, hemorrhage
Treatment - treat underlying
cause
◉ Atrial Ectopic Beat (PAC—Premature Atrial Contraction)
causes and treatment.
, Answer: caused by a premature depolarization of the atria
originating from a focus outside of the sinus node. They are common
and benign without any additional indication of heart abnormality.
Causes:
• Atrial hypoxia; Atrial irritability
• Medications, especially stimulants
• Fatigue, anxiety
• Valve disease, COPD (dilated/hypertrophied atria)
• Digoxin toxicity, Hypokalemia
Treatment: Rarely treated; observe & document frequency &
patient's
condition
◉ A flutter treatment.
Answer: Atrial rate 250-400 beats/minute
Ventricular rate depends on the conduction ratio
tx: control rate, beta blockers, diltizem, verpamil, digoxin
anticoagulants- coumadin, lovenox
