WGU D027 PATHOPHARM FLASHCARDS QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Mechanism of Action for loop diuretics - Answers - block water reasborption in the loop
of Henle of nephron. Increases urine output
Suffix for loop - Answers - -emide
ex: furosemide
cautions in using loop diuretics - Answers - decreased potassium, decreased BP,
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
USE WITH CAUTION in those who have auditory/renal impairments
Suffix for Thiazide Diuretics - Answers - -thiazide
MOA for thiazide diuretics - Answers - blood water reabsorption in distal tube of
nephron-- increases urine output
adverse drug reactions for thiazide diuretics - Answers - decreases potassium,
increases uric acid, increases calcium
AVOID use in hx with gout, use cautiously with kidney disease
Contraindicator for thiazide diuretics - Answers - those with sulfa allergies, contains
sulfa group in molecular structure. Also avoid in hx of gout due to increase of uric acid
Aldosterone antagonists MOA - Answers - inhibits aldosterone which results in sodium
loss in the nephron, water follows and is excreted, potassium is retained (potassium
sparing diuretic)
example of an aldosterone antagonist - Answers - Spironolactone
adverse drug reactions for aldosterone antagonists - Answers - high potassium,
androgen blocking (blocks testosterone and causes estrogen effects)
beta blocker examples - Answers - Propranolol (Inderal)
Metroprolol (Lopressor/Toprol XL)
Atenolol (Tenormin)
Carvedilol (Coreg)
MOA of beta blockers - Answers - block adrenergic effects of Beta 1 and Beta 2
receptors (cause cholinergic effects)
result in low HR and Low BP
,Contraindicators for beta blockers - Answers - chronic respiratory conditions
(particularly for beta 2 blockers)
HR <60 bpm
disguises hypoglycemia symptoms
What does angiotensin 2 do? - Answers - angiotensin II causes vasonconstriction and
secretion of aldosterone, which results in reabsorption of sodium/water in the nephrons
angiotensin 2 converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) suffix and MOA - Answers -
suffix: -pril example: lisinopril
MOA: inhibits ACE from converting angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, therefor prevents
water reabsorption
decreases cardiac workload
decreases BP
Adverse drug reactions for ACE inhibitors - Answers - high potassium, angioedema, dry
cough
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARBs) suffix and MOA - Answers - suffix: sartan
example: losartan
MOA: prevent Angiotensin2 from binding to receptor sites, which then prevents
reabsorption of water and vasoconstriction
leads to lower BP
Adverse drug reactions of ARBS - Answers - high potassium, angioedema
prefix of cardiac glycosides - Answers - "dig" ex: digoxin
MOA of cardiac glycosides - Answers - block Na/K pump, indirectly changes the calcium
balance, leads to powerful contraction w/ HB
does not lower blood pressure, only HR
FYIs for cardiac glycosides - Answers - measure HR, hold if <60bpm
sx of digoxin toxicity: anorexia, visual disturbance, chest palpitations
Which of the following drugs may cause hypokalemia?
A) torsemide
B) hydrochlorothiazide
C) spironolactone
D) Digoxin - Answers - A and B- Torsemide and HCTZ lower serum potassium due to
increased potassium excretion in the kidneys
D) When entering the circulation, digoxin binds to sodium/potassium pumps which can
also decrease OR increase potassium
ACE inhibitors result in which of the following outcomes? select all that apply:
a) vasodilation
, b) vasoconstriction
c) ADH is inhibited
d) ADH is released
e) increased urination
f) decreased urination - Answers - a)
c)
e)
Which medication may hide symptoms of hypoglycemia in a patient with T1DM? -
Answers - beta blockers
Example of Antiplatelet drug - Answers - clopidogrel (plavix)
MOA of anti-platelet drug - Answers - inhibits fxn of ADP by blocking receptor site on
platelet
adverse drug reactions to clopidogrel/Plavix - Answers - bruising, bleeding, rash, flulike
sx
CAUTION with clopidogrel - Answers - avoid ASA/Plavix/ NSAIDS
- stop taking at least 5 days prior to surgery
example of indirect thrombin inhibitor - Answers - heparin, enoxoparin, dalteparin
- parins
MOA of heparin - Answers - inhibits factor 10 (X) and therefor inhibits thrombin
formation
- fast acting, short 1/2 life
Antedote for heparin - Answers - protamine sulfate
Lab value evaluated for heparin - Answers - aPTT (activated partial thrombine time)
- looking for 1.5-2.5 x the normal value- so if normal is 25-35 seconds, look for 60-90
seconds
what factors do vitamin k antagonists effect? - Answers - 9a, 7a, 10a, and prothrombin
- decreases fibrin clot formation
what is an example of a vitamin K antagonist - Answers - Warfarin (Coumadin)
What interactions does Warfarin Have? - Answers - anything that contains vitamin K :
the "G" herbal products (Ginko, Green tea, Ginseng, Ginger)
dark leafy greens
Antidote for excessive bleeding caused by warfarin - Answers - vitamin K injection
- effects may be delayed 2-7 days due to the delayed onset
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Mechanism of Action for loop diuretics - Answers - block water reasborption in the loop
of Henle of nephron. Increases urine output
Suffix for loop - Answers - -emide
ex: furosemide
cautions in using loop diuretics - Answers - decreased potassium, decreased BP,
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
USE WITH CAUTION in those who have auditory/renal impairments
Suffix for Thiazide Diuretics - Answers - -thiazide
MOA for thiazide diuretics - Answers - blood water reabsorption in distal tube of
nephron-- increases urine output
adverse drug reactions for thiazide diuretics - Answers - decreases potassium,
increases uric acid, increases calcium
AVOID use in hx with gout, use cautiously with kidney disease
Contraindicator for thiazide diuretics - Answers - those with sulfa allergies, contains
sulfa group in molecular structure. Also avoid in hx of gout due to increase of uric acid
Aldosterone antagonists MOA - Answers - inhibits aldosterone which results in sodium
loss in the nephron, water follows and is excreted, potassium is retained (potassium
sparing diuretic)
example of an aldosterone antagonist - Answers - Spironolactone
adverse drug reactions for aldosterone antagonists - Answers - high potassium,
androgen blocking (blocks testosterone and causes estrogen effects)
beta blocker examples - Answers - Propranolol (Inderal)
Metroprolol (Lopressor/Toprol XL)
Atenolol (Tenormin)
Carvedilol (Coreg)
MOA of beta blockers - Answers - block adrenergic effects of Beta 1 and Beta 2
receptors (cause cholinergic effects)
result in low HR and Low BP
,Contraindicators for beta blockers - Answers - chronic respiratory conditions
(particularly for beta 2 blockers)
HR <60 bpm
disguises hypoglycemia symptoms
What does angiotensin 2 do? - Answers - angiotensin II causes vasonconstriction and
secretion of aldosterone, which results in reabsorption of sodium/water in the nephrons
angiotensin 2 converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) suffix and MOA - Answers -
suffix: -pril example: lisinopril
MOA: inhibits ACE from converting angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, therefor prevents
water reabsorption
decreases cardiac workload
decreases BP
Adverse drug reactions for ACE inhibitors - Answers - high potassium, angioedema, dry
cough
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARBs) suffix and MOA - Answers - suffix: sartan
example: losartan
MOA: prevent Angiotensin2 from binding to receptor sites, which then prevents
reabsorption of water and vasoconstriction
leads to lower BP
Adverse drug reactions of ARBS - Answers - high potassium, angioedema
prefix of cardiac glycosides - Answers - "dig" ex: digoxin
MOA of cardiac glycosides - Answers - block Na/K pump, indirectly changes the calcium
balance, leads to powerful contraction w/ HB
does not lower blood pressure, only HR
FYIs for cardiac glycosides - Answers - measure HR, hold if <60bpm
sx of digoxin toxicity: anorexia, visual disturbance, chest palpitations
Which of the following drugs may cause hypokalemia?
A) torsemide
B) hydrochlorothiazide
C) spironolactone
D) Digoxin - Answers - A and B- Torsemide and HCTZ lower serum potassium due to
increased potassium excretion in the kidneys
D) When entering the circulation, digoxin binds to sodium/potassium pumps which can
also decrease OR increase potassium
ACE inhibitors result in which of the following outcomes? select all that apply:
a) vasodilation
, b) vasoconstriction
c) ADH is inhibited
d) ADH is released
e) increased urination
f) decreased urination - Answers - a)
c)
e)
Which medication may hide symptoms of hypoglycemia in a patient with T1DM? -
Answers - beta blockers
Example of Antiplatelet drug - Answers - clopidogrel (plavix)
MOA of anti-platelet drug - Answers - inhibits fxn of ADP by blocking receptor site on
platelet
adverse drug reactions to clopidogrel/Plavix - Answers - bruising, bleeding, rash, flulike
sx
CAUTION with clopidogrel - Answers - avoid ASA/Plavix/ NSAIDS
- stop taking at least 5 days prior to surgery
example of indirect thrombin inhibitor - Answers - heparin, enoxoparin, dalteparin
- parins
MOA of heparin - Answers - inhibits factor 10 (X) and therefor inhibits thrombin
formation
- fast acting, short 1/2 life
Antedote for heparin - Answers - protamine sulfate
Lab value evaluated for heparin - Answers - aPTT (activated partial thrombine time)
- looking for 1.5-2.5 x the normal value- so if normal is 25-35 seconds, look for 60-90
seconds
what factors do vitamin k antagonists effect? - Answers - 9a, 7a, 10a, and prothrombin
- decreases fibrin clot formation
what is an example of a vitamin K antagonist - Answers - Warfarin (Coumadin)
What interactions does Warfarin Have? - Answers - anything that contains vitamin K :
the "G" herbal products (Ginko, Green tea, Ginseng, Ginger)
dark leafy greens
Antidote for excessive bleeding caused by warfarin - Answers - vitamin K injection
- effects may be delayed 2-7 days due to the delayed onset
