WGU D023 SCHOOL FINANCIAL LEADERSHIP
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
◉ 2nd Development Stage of School Finance.
Answer: The period of emerging state responsibility, with the use of
flat grants, subventions, and other nonequalizing state allocations to
local districts
-state to supplement local tax revenues to provide acceptable
programs
◉ 3rd Development Stage of School Finance.
Answer: The emergence of the Strayer-Haig concept of a foundation
program (minimum program)
-Each local district would levy the amount of local tax that was
required in the richest district of the state to provide a foundation,
or minimum, program. The rich district would receive no state
funds; the other districts would receive state funds necessary to
provide the foundation program.
◉ 4th Development Stage of School Finance.
Answer: The period of refinement of the foundation program
concept
-use of flat grants
,-question to take money from wealthy districts to equalize
◉ 5th Development Stage of School Finance.
Answer: "Power" or "open-end" (shared costs) equalization
practices
-20th century
◉ Equalization.
Answer: state and local districts began exercising a degree of
partnership in establishing and paying for a basic program of
education for every school-age child in the state—at least in theory.
In practice, the link between funding and program quality was
questionable.
◉ open-ended, or shared-cost, equalization plan.
Answer: the percentage of this program to be paid by each
individual district and by the state. This percentage of state funds
would be high for poor districts and low for wealthier ones. Once
that determination has been made for each district, the same
partnership ratio would be maintained to pay the total cost of the
school program in each district
-Harlan Updegraff
◉ 6th Development Stage of School Finance.
,Answer: The shift of emphasis and influence, and funding for special
need
-economic factors influenced (wars, terrorist attacks, natural
disasters, fluctuating prices in energy, had to rethink budget and
safety of schools
◉ 7th Development Stage of School Finance.
Answer: A focus on adequacy in education finance
-court cases
-sufficient funding is needed to meet state laws, standards, and
requirements, and must be constitutionally enforceable
-CCSS
◉ Foundational funding.
Answer: The state provides a minimal level of funding as a guarantee
per student expenditure. The intent of this system is to counteract
the disparity of wealth across various districts of a state.
◉ Common School Era.
Answer: Local school districts were formed to support the education
of the local population, many of whom were the children of
immigrants. In order to accommodate this influx of educational need
with limited personal resources, local property taxes became
mandated to support public schools.
, ◉ Early Colonial Schooling.
Answer: Funded through tuition or rate changes, primarily as a
funding of the local community or church of that community.
◉ Funding for public schools is directly addressed in which
document?.
Answer: State Constitution
-The funding and operation of public schools is directly addressed in
each state's constitution. Access to education and the quality are
different depending upon how the state defines its language. For
example, a "right" to education is different than a "goal" to educate
all citizens. A "right" provides grounds for equity and equality
litigation while a "goal" may provide more flexibility in disparity.
◉ What is meant by pupil expenditure?.
Answer: The pupil expenditure is the total expense accounted for by
that specific student. For example, this funding amount includes but
is not limited to: personnel expenses (salary, benefits, and other
human resource expenses), transportation costs (gas, busses, oil,
personnel), facility expenses (building construction, maintenance,
utilities, insurance), and instructional resources (books, supplies,
technology, materials). The amount of this pupil expenditure will
vary as the cost of living changes for the location, but in many states
the "foundational per pupil expenditure" is a guaranteed amount per
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
◉ 2nd Development Stage of School Finance.
Answer: The period of emerging state responsibility, with the use of
flat grants, subventions, and other nonequalizing state allocations to
local districts
-state to supplement local tax revenues to provide acceptable
programs
◉ 3rd Development Stage of School Finance.
Answer: The emergence of the Strayer-Haig concept of a foundation
program (minimum program)
-Each local district would levy the amount of local tax that was
required in the richest district of the state to provide a foundation,
or minimum, program. The rich district would receive no state
funds; the other districts would receive state funds necessary to
provide the foundation program.
◉ 4th Development Stage of School Finance.
Answer: The period of refinement of the foundation program
concept
-use of flat grants
,-question to take money from wealthy districts to equalize
◉ 5th Development Stage of School Finance.
Answer: "Power" or "open-end" (shared costs) equalization
practices
-20th century
◉ Equalization.
Answer: state and local districts began exercising a degree of
partnership in establishing and paying for a basic program of
education for every school-age child in the state—at least in theory.
In practice, the link between funding and program quality was
questionable.
◉ open-ended, or shared-cost, equalization plan.
Answer: the percentage of this program to be paid by each
individual district and by the state. This percentage of state funds
would be high for poor districts and low for wealthier ones. Once
that determination has been made for each district, the same
partnership ratio would be maintained to pay the total cost of the
school program in each district
-Harlan Updegraff
◉ 6th Development Stage of School Finance.
,Answer: The shift of emphasis and influence, and funding for special
need
-economic factors influenced (wars, terrorist attacks, natural
disasters, fluctuating prices in energy, had to rethink budget and
safety of schools
◉ 7th Development Stage of School Finance.
Answer: A focus on adequacy in education finance
-court cases
-sufficient funding is needed to meet state laws, standards, and
requirements, and must be constitutionally enforceable
-CCSS
◉ Foundational funding.
Answer: The state provides a minimal level of funding as a guarantee
per student expenditure. The intent of this system is to counteract
the disparity of wealth across various districts of a state.
◉ Common School Era.
Answer: Local school districts were formed to support the education
of the local population, many of whom were the children of
immigrants. In order to accommodate this influx of educational need
with limited personal resources, local property taxes became
mandated to support public schools.
, ◉ Early Colonial Schooling.
Answer: Funded through tuition or rate changes, primarily as a
funding of the local community or church of that community.
◉ Funding for public schools is directly addressed in which
document?.
Answer: State Constitution
-The funding and operation of public schools is directly addressed in
each state's constitution. Access to education and the quality are
different depending upon how the state defines its language. For
example, a "right" to education is different than a "goal" to educate
all citizens. A "right" provides grounds for equity and equality
litigation while a "goal" may provide more flexibility in disparity.
◉ What is meant by pupil expenditure?.
Answer: The pupil expenditure is the total expense accounted for by
that specific student. For example, this funding amount includes but
is not limited to: personnel expenses (salary, benefits, and other
human resource expenses), transportation costs (gas, busses, oil,
personnel), facility expenses (building construction, maintenance,
utilities, insurance), and instructional resources (books, supplies,
technology, materials). The amount of this pupil expenditure will
vary as the cost of living changes for the location, but in many states
the "foundational per pupil expenditure" is a guaranteed amount per
