HCR 240 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS
WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS; VERIFIED; LATEST
UPDATE 2026
Abnormal Breathing Patterns - correct answer-
Abnormal breathing: rate, depth, regularity, and effort of
breathing undergo characteristic alterations in response to
physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions
patterns of breathing automatically adjust to minimize the work
of the respiratory muscles
Kussmaul respirations (hyperpnea): strenuous exercise or
metabolic acidosis (fast, deep breath)
Slightly increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal volume, and
no expiratory pause
Labored breathing: seen with airway obstruction (COPD)
large airway obstruction - slowed ventilator rate, increased
effort, prolonged inspiration or expiration,
stridor (high pitched sounds during inspiration) or audible
wheezing (whistling sounds on expiration)
,small airway obstruction ( asthma, COPD)- rapid ventilator rate,
small tidal volume, increased effort, prolonged expiration, and
wheezing (whistling sounds on expiration
Restricted breathing: pulmonary fibrosis (small tidal volumes
and rapid ventilator rate (tachypnea)
Disorders that stiffen the lungs or chest wall and decrease
compliance.
Gasping respirations: shock and severe cerebral hypoxia
(irregular, quick inspirations with expiratory pause)
Cheyne-Stokes respirations: results from anything decreasing
blood flow to brain stem, slowing impulses sending information
to the respiratory centers of the brainstem (neurologic
impairment above the brainstem is also a contributing factor)
Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing; apnea lasting
15-60 seconds, followed by ventilations that increase in volume
until a peak is reached, after which ventilation decreases again
to apnea.
Acute Kidney Injury - correct answer- Types of Acute
Kidney Injury
,Prerenal
Causes
Renal hypoperfusion is the most common cause
Intrarenal
Causes
Disorders involving the renal parenchymal or interstitial tissue
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) caused by ischemia is the most
common cause
Postrenal*
Causes
*is rare
Disorders associated with acute urinary tract obstruction
Acute Pancreatitis - correct answer- Pancreatitis is an
inflammation of the pancreas
Mainly caused by alcohol intake and cholelithiasis (gallstones)
, Caused by injury or damage to pancreatic cells and ducts,
causing a leakage of pancreatic enzymes into the pancreatic
tissue
Causes autodigestion of pancreatic tissue and leaks into the
bloodstream which causes injury to blood vessels and other
organs
Manifestations:
Epigastric or mid abdominal pain
Fever and leukocytosis
Nausea and vomiting
Treatment:
Narcotics, NSAIDs, acetaminophen
IV fluids
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) - correct
answer- Manifestations:
Dyspnea and hypoxemia with poor response to oxygen
supplementation
WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS; VERIFIED; LATEST
UPDATE 2026
Abnormal Breathing Patterns - correct answer-
Abnormal breathing: rate, depth, regularity, and effort of
breathing undergo characteristic alterations in response to
physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions
patterns of breathing automatically adjust to minimize the work
of the respiratory muscles
Kussmaul respirations (hyperpnea): strenuous exercise or
metabolic acidosis (fast, deep breath)
Slightly increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal volume, and
no expiratory pause
Labored breathing: seen with airway obstruction (COPD)
large airway obstruction - slowed ventilator rate, increased
effort, prolonged inspiration or expiration,
stridor (high pitched sounds during inspiration) or audible
wheezing (whistling sounds on expiration)
,small airway obstruction ( asthma, COPD)- rapid ventilator rate,
small tidal volume, increased effort, prolonged expiration, and
wheezing (whistling sounds on expiration
Restricted breathing: pulmonary fibrosis (small tidal volumes
and rapid ventilator rate (tachypnea)
Disorders that stiffen the lungs or chest wall and decrease
compliance.
Gasping respirations: shock and severe cerebral hypoxia
(irregular, quick inspirations with expiratory pause)
Cheyne-Stokes respirations: results from anything decreasing
blood flow to brain stem, slowing impulses sending information
to the respiratory centers of the brainstem (neurologic
impairment above the brainstem is also a contributing factor)
Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing; apnea lasting
15-60 seconds, followed by ventilations that increase in volume
until a peak is reached, after which ventilation decreases again
to apnea.
Acute Kidney Injury - correct answer- Types of Acute
Kidney Injury
,Prerenal
Causes
Renal hypoperfusion is the most common cause
Intrarenal
Causes
Disorders involving the renal parenchymal or interstitial tissue
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) caused by ischemia is the most
common cause
Postrenal*
Causes
*is rare
Disorders associated with acute urinary tract obstruction
Acute Pancreatitis - correct answer- Pancreatitis is an
inflammation of the pancreas
Mainly caused by alcohol intake and cholelithiasis (gallstones)
, Caused by injury or damage to pancreatic cells and ducts,
causing a leakage of pancreatic enzymes into the pancreatic
tissue
Causes autodigestion of pancreatic tissue and leaks into the
bloodstream which causes injury to blood vessels and other
organs
Manifestations:
Epigastric or mid abdominal pain
Fever and leukocytosis
Nausea and vomiting
Treatment:
Narcotics, NSAIDs, acetaminophen
IV fluids
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) - correct
answer- Manifestations:
Dyspnea and hypoxemia with poor response to oxygen
supplementation
