NR 545 EXAM 2 CERTIFICATION TEST PAPER
2026 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A PLUS
◉ What is the Patho of Angina?
Answer: Angina is chest pain that is associated with decreased blood
flow or ischemia to the myocardial tissue. The decreased blood flow
may be the result of atherosclerosis or coronary artery spasm.
Neural pain receptors are stimulated by accelerated cellular
metabolism, chemical changes, and imbalances
◉ What are signs and symptoms of Angina?
Answer: - chest heaviness
- chest pressure
- squeezing or fullness Sometimes this pain radiates to the left
shoulder and arm while others report pain in the jaw.
Generally, the attack length can range anywhere between three
minutes to twenty minutes. Attacks reported at greater than thirty
minutes are concerning and could indicate the development of acute
coronary syndrome.
◉ What lab test are needed for angina?
Answer: - Troponin
,- CK-MB: to evaluate for acute coronary symptoms as well as for
anemia which might be contributing to ischemic chest pain.
- An ECG should also be obtained to rule out acute coronary
syndrome.
◉ What are pharmacological remedies for Angina?
Answer: Nitroglycerin (Drug of choice):
Nitroglycerin relaxes and widens the blood vessel promoting easier
blood flow to the heart muscle. Dosing of nitroglycerin is 0.3-0.6 mg
by translingual spray or sublingual tablet every five minutes, as
indicated with a max of 3 doses in 15 minutes.
Beta-Blockers and ACE inhibitors
◉ What is a myocardial infarction?
Answer: (Heart Attack)
A myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when blood flow to the heart is
minimized. The blockage is most often caused by a buildup of
cholesterol, which forms a plaque in the arteries that circulate
oxygenated blood flow to the myocardium. When the plaque breaks
away it can form a clot, interrupting or completely blocking blood
flow and destroying a part of the heart muscle. Unlike with an
episode of angina, those experiencing a myocardial
,infarction often report symptoms of pain at rest.
◉ What is the patho of a Myocardial Infarction?
Answer: During a myocardial infarction there is an imbalance
between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Prolonged
ischemia (>30 minutes) from the lack of circulating blood flow to the
myocardium results in cellular death, further impacting the heart's
ability to function. Depending on the extent of the cell death, the
heart might have decreased contractility resulting in wall function
abnormalities further placing the patient at risk for
decompensation.
◉ What are the symptoms of a Myocardial Infraction?
Answer: - Sharp radiating pain (Even at rest)
- Light-headed or have increased feelings of anxiety or impending
doom.
- Nausea (more common in right coronary artery occlusion)
- Vomiting
- Diaphoresis
- Syncope
- Dyspnea
- Orthopnea
- Wheezing
, ◉ What lab test are needed for a Myocardial Infraction?
Answer: - Troponins
- CK-MB
- An ECG will often demonstrate ST-segment elevation or new left
bundle
branch block.
◉ How do you manage a Myocardial Infraction?
Answer: Patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction will
need reperfusion therapy or fibrinolytic therapy. To decrease
mortality rates, reperfusion through PCI needs to be completed
within 90 minutes of presentation to the emergency room.
◉ What is Atherosclerosis?
Answer: a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of
plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.
◉ What is the path of Atherosclerosis?
Answer: Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process that begins with
damage to the endothelium often the result of hypertension,
smoking, high cholesterol or other risk factors. The endothelium
develops a fatty streak which further develops into a fibrous plaque
and then complicated lesion.
2026 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A PLUS
◉ What is the Patho of Angina?
Answer: Angina is chest pain that is associated with decreased blood
flow or ischemia to the myocardial tissue. The decreased blood flow
may be the result of atherosclerosis or coronary artery spasm.
Neural pain receptors are stimulated by accelerated cellular
metabolism, chemical changes, and imbalances
◉ What are signs and symptoms of Angina?
Answer: - chest heaviness
- chest pressure
- squeezing or fullness Sometimes this pain radiates to the left
shoulder and arm while others report pain in the jaw.
Generally, the attack length can range anywhere between three
minutes to twenty minutes. Attacks reported at greater than thirty
minutes are concerning and could indicate the development of acute
coronary syndrome.
◉ What lab test are needed for angina?
Answer: - Troponin
,- CK-MB: to evaluate for acute coronary symptoms as well as for
anemia which might be contributing to ischemic chest pain.
- An ECG should also be obtained to rule out acute coronary
syndrome.
◉ What are pharmacological remedies for Angina?
Answer: Nitroglycerin (Drug of choice):
Nitroglycerin relaxes and widens the blood vessel promoting easier
blood flow to the heart muscle. Dosing of nitroglycerin is 0.3-0.6 mg
by translingual spray or sublingual tablet every five minutes, as
indicated with a max of 3 doses in 15 minutes.
Beta-Blockers and ACE inhibitors
◉ What is a myocardial infarction?
Answer: (Heart Attack)
A myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when blood flow to the heart is
minimized. The blockage is most often caused by a buildup of
cholesterol, which forms a plaque in the arteries that circulate
oxygenated blood flow to the myocardium. When the plaque breaks
away it can form a clot, interrupting or completely blocking blood
flow and destroying a part of the heart muscle. Unlike with an
episode of angina, those experiencing a myocardial
,infarction often report symptoms of pain at rest.
◉ What is the patho of a Myocardial Infarction?
Answer: During a myocardial infarction there is an imbalance
between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Prolonged
ischemia (>30 minutes) from the lack of circulating blood flow to the
myocardium results in cellular death, further impacting the heart's
ability to function. Depending on the extent of the cell death, the
heart might have decreased contractility resulting in wall function
abnormalities further placing the patient at risk for
decompensation.
◉ What are the symptoms of a Myocardial Infraction?
Answer: - Sharp radiating pain (Even at rest)
- Light-headed or have increased feelings of anxiety or impending
doom.
- Nausea (more common in right coronary artery occlusion)
- Vomiting
- Diaphoresis
- Syncope
- Dyspnea
- Orthopnea
- Wheezing
, ◉ What lab test are needed for a Myocardial Infraction?
Answer: - Troponins
- CK-MB
- An ECG will often demonstrate ST-segment elevation or new left
bundle
branch block.
◉ How do you manage a Myocardial Infraction?
Answer: Patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction will
need reperfusion therapy or fibrinolytic therapy. To decrease
mortality rates, reperfusion through PCI needs to be completed
within 90 minutes of presentation to the emergency room.
◉ What is Atherosclerosis?
Answer: a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of
plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.
◉ What is the path of Atherosclerosis?
Answer: Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process that begins with
damage to the endothelium often the result of hypertension,
smoking, high cholesterol or other risk factors. The endothelium
develops a fatty streak which further develops into a fibrous plaque
and then complicated lesion.
