(Units 1–7 Study Guide) for NU 545
Pathophysiology Complete Exam Bundle
| University of South Alabama
TABLE OF CONTENTS
# TOPIC
1 Unit 1: Cellular Biology & Adaptation
2 Unit 2: Genetics & Genomics
3 Unit 3: Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance
4 Unit 4: Inflammation & Immunity
5 Unit 5: Infection & Neoplasia
6 Unit 6: Alterations in Hematologic Function
7 Unit 7: Alterations in Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Function
Page 1
,Q1 Which of the following is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?
Which of the following is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?
A) Endometrial hyperplasia
B) Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy CORRECT
C) Benign prostatic hyperplasia
D) Hyperplasia in response to chronic irritation
Rationale
Physiologic hyperplasia is a normal compensatory response, such as liver regeneration after resection.
Q2 Apoptosis is characterized by:
Apoptosis is characterized by:
A) Cell swelling and lysis
B) Cellular shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation CORRECT
C) Random cell death with inflammation
D) Nuclear dissolution without membrane changes
Rationale
Apoptosis is programmed cell death with membrane blebbing and fragmentation, without inflammation.
Q3 A client with chronic anemia has a hemoglobin of 7.2 g/dL. The bone marrow...
A client with chronic anemia has a hemoglobin of 7.2 g/dL. The bone marrow shows hyperplasia
of erythroid precursors. This is an example of:
A) Pathologic hyperplasia
B) Compensatory hyperplasia CORRECT
C) Dysplasia
D) Metaplasia
Rationale
Increased erythropoiesis in response to anemia is compensatory hyperplasia.
Page 2
,Q4 Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with diuretic use?
Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with diuretic use?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypokalemia CORRECT
C) Hyponatremia
D) Hypercalcemia
Rationale
Loop and thiazide diuretics increase potassium excretion, causing hypokalemia.
Q5 A client with renal failure has a serum potassium of 6.8 mEq/L
A client with renal failure has a serum potassium of 6.8 mEq/L. Which ECG change is expected?
A) Prominent U waves
B) Peaked T waves CORRECT
C) Prolonged PR interval
D) ST depression
Rationale
Hyperkalemia causes peaked T waves, then wide QRS, and eventually sine wave.
Q6 Metabolic acidosis is characterized by:
Metabolic acidosis is characterized by:
A) Increased pH and decreased PaCO₂
B) Decreased pH and decreased HCO₃⁻ CORRECT
C) Decreased pH and increased PaCO₂
D) Increased pH and increased HCO₃⁻
Page 3
, Rationale
Metabolic acidosis is a primary decrease in bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) leading to low pH.
Q7 Which of the following is an example of a hypersensitivity type II reaction?
Which of the following is an example of a hypersensitivity type II reaction?
A) Anaphylaxis
B) Hemolytic transfusion reaction CORRECT
C) Serum sickness
D) Contact dermatitis
Rationale
Type II hypersensitivity involves antibody-mediated destruction of cells, as in hemolytic transfusion
reactions.
Q8 The most common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States is:
The most common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States is:
A) Hepatitis B
B) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) CORRECT
C) Alcohol-related liver disease
D) Hepatitis C
Rationale
NAFLD is now the most common cause of chronic liver disease, related to obesity and metabolic
syndrome.
Q9 In inflammation, the first leukocytes to arrive at the site of injury are:
In inflammation, the first leukocytes to arrive at the site of injury are:
A) Lymphocytes
B) Neutrophils CORRECT
C) Macrophages
Page 4
Pathophysiology Complete Exam Bundle
| University of South Alabama
TABLE OF CONTENTS
# TOPIC
1 Unit 1: Cellular Biology & Adaptation
2 Unit 2: Genetics & Genomics
3 Unit 3: Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance
4 Unit 4: Inflammation & Immunity
5 Unit 5: Infection & Neoplasia
6 Unit 6: Alterations in Hematologic Function
7 Unit 7: Alterations in Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Function
Page 1
,Q1 Which of the following is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?
Which of the following is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?
A) Endometrial hyperplasia
B) Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy CORRECT
C) Benign prostatic hyperplasia
D) Hyperplasia in response to chronic irritation
Rationale
Physiologic hyperplasia is a normal compensatory response, such as liver regeneration after resection.
Q2 Apoptosis is characterized by:
Apoptosis is characterized by:
A) Cell swelling and lysis
B) Cellular shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation CORRECT
C) Random cell death with inflammation
D) Nuclear dissolution without membrane changes
Rationale
Apoptosis is programmed cell death with membrane blebbing and fragmentation, without inflammation.
Q3 A client with chronic anemia has a hemoglobin of 7.2 g/dL. The bone marrow...
A client with chronic anemia has a hemoglobin of 7.2 g/dL. The bone marrow shows hyperplasia
of erythroid precursors. This is an example of:
A) Pathologic hyperplasia
B) Compensatory hyperplasia CORRECT
C) Dysplasia
D) Metaplasia
Rationale
Increased erythropoiesis in response to anemia is compensatory hyperplasia.
Page 2
,Q4 Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with diuretic use?
Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with diuretic use?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypokalemia CORRECT
C) Hyponatremia
D) Hypercalcemia
Rationale
Loop and thiazide diuretics increase potassium excretion, causing hypokalemia.
Q5 A client with renal failure has a serum potassium of 6.8 mEq/L
A client with renal failure has a serum potassium of 6.8 mEq/L. Which ECG change is expected?
A) Prominent U waves
B) Peaked T waves CORRECT
C) Prolonged PR interval
D) ST depression
Rationale
Hyperkalemia causes peaked T waves, then wide QRS, and eventually sine wave.
Q6 Metabolic acidosis is characterized by:
Metabolic acidosis is characterized by:
A) Increased pH and decreased PaCO₂
B) Decreased pH and decreased HCO₃⁻ CORRECT
C) Decreased pH and increased PaCO₂
D) Increased pH and increased HCO₃⁻
Page 3
, Rationale
Metabolic acidosis is a primary decrease in bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) leading to low pH.
Q7 Which of the following is an example of a hypersensitivity type II reaction?
Which of the following is an example of a hypersensitivity type II reaction?
A) Anaphylaxis
B) Hemolytic transfusion reaction CORRECT
C) Serum sickness
D) Contact dermatitis
Rationale
Type II hypersensitivity involves antibody-mediated destruction of cells, as in hemolytic transfusion
reactions.
Q8 The most common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States is:
The most common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States is:
A) Hepatitis B
B) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) CORRECT
C) Alcohol-related liver disease
D) Hepatitis C
Rationale
NAFLD is now the most common cause of chronic liver disease, related to obesity and metabolic
syndrome.
Q9 In inflammation, the first leukocytes to arrive at the site of injury are:
In inflammation, the first leukocytes to arrive at the site of injury are:
A) Lymphocytes
B) Neutrophils CORRECT
C) Macrophages
Page 4
