CWCN Certification Exam by WOCNCB
Questions with Verified Correct Answers
what are 6 risk factor components of Braden Scale for pressure ulcer?
sensory perception, moisture, mobility, activity, nutrition, and shear/friction
What is the name of the organization that developed the pressure ulcer staging?
NPUAP (national pressure ulcer advisory panel)
pathological effect of excessive pressure on soft tissue can be attributed by 3 factors?
what are they?
tissue tolerance, duration of pressure, and intensity of pressure
what are the extrinsic factors that impact pressure ulcers?
increase in moisture, friction and shearing
how does friction play a role in shearing which eventually leads to pressure ulcer?
friction alone causes only superfical abrasion, but with gravity it plays a synergistic effect
leading to shearing. When gravity pushes down on the body and resistance (friction) between
the patient and surface is exerted, shearing occurs. because skin does not freely move,
primary effect of shearing occurs at the deeper fascial level.
what are the intrisinc factors of pressur ulcers?
nutritional debilitation, advanced age, low BP, stress, smoking, elevated body temperature
Aging skin undergoes what elements affecting risk for pressure ulcer?
,dermoepidermal junction flattens, less nutrient exchange occurs, less resistance to shearing,
changes in sensory perception, loss of dermal thickness, increased vascular fragility; ability
of soft tisuse to distribute mechanical load w/out comprosing blood flow is impaired
What does nonblanching erythema indicate in the skin r/t PU?
when pressure is applied to the erythematic area skin becomes white (blanched), but once
relieved, erythema returns -indicating blood flow; however in nonblanching erythema, skin
does not blanche-indicating impaired blood flow-suggesting tissue destructon
why does sitting in a chair pose more of a risk in skin break down than lying?
deep tissue injury or PU is likely to occur sooner sitting down because tissue offloading over
boney prominences is higher
Describe what you will see in deep tissue injury?
purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin skinor blood filled blister; may be
preceded by painful, firm, mushy, or boggy; skin may be warmer to cooler in adjacent tissue.
In dark skin, thin blister or eschar over a dark wound bed may bee seen
Describe stage I pressure ulcer?
Intact skin with nonblanchable redness of localized area. Will not see blanching in dark skin,
but changes in skin tissue consistency (firm vs boggy when palpated), sensation (pain), and
warmer or cooler temperature may differ from surrounding area
Describe stage II pressure ulcer?
partial-thickness wound where epidermis and tip of dermis is lost with red-pink wound bed
w/out slough. may also present as intact or open/ruptured serum -filled blister
Describe stage III pressure ulcer?
, full-thickness wound where both epidermis and dermis is lost and subcutaneous tissue may
be visible, but deeper structures such as muscle, bone, and tendon are not exposed; slough my
be present but it doesn't obscure depth and tunneling and undermining may be present
Describe stage IV pressure ulcer?
full-thickness wound with exposed bone,tendon, and muscle; slough or eschar may be seen in
some parts of the wound bed. you will often see tunneling and undermining. Osteomyelitis
may be dxed at this stage, since bone is palpable
Describe unstageble ulcers?
full-thickness wound where base of the ulcer is covered by slough and/or eschar, obscuring
depth
When should eschars not be removed?
when it's stable with dry, adherent, and intact w/out erythema on the heel; this serves as the
body's natural cover and should not be removed.
Therapeutic function of pressure distribution is accomplised by what 2 factors?
immersion and envelopement
Define immersion?
depth of penetration or skining into surgace allowing pressure to be spread out over
surrounding area rather than directly over boney prominence
Define envelopement?
is the ability of support surface to conform to irregularities without causing substantial
increase in pressure
what is bottoming out?
Questions with Verified Correct Answers
what are 6 risk factor components of Braden Scale for pressure ulcer?
sensory perception, moisture, mobility, activity, nutrition, and shear/friction
What is the name of the organization that developed the pressure ulcer staging?
NPUAP (national pressure ulcer advisory panel)
pathological effect of excessive pressure on soft tissue can be attributed by 3 factors?
what are they?
tissue tolerance, duration of pressure, and intensity of pressure
what are the extrinsic factors that impact pressure ulcers?
increase in moisture, friction and shearing
how does friction play a role in shearing which eventually leads to pressure ulcer?
friction alone causes only superfical abrasion, but with gravity it plays a synergistic effect
leading to shearing. When gravity pushes down on the body and resistance (friction) between
the patient and surface is exerted, shearing occurs. because skin does not freely move,
primary effect of shearing occurs at the deeper fascial level.
what are the intrisinc factors of pressur ulcers?
nutritional debilitation, advanced age, low BP, stress, smoking, elevated body temperature
Aging skin undergoes what elements affecting risk for pressure ulcer?
,dermoepidermal junction flattens, less nutrient exchange occurs, less resistance to shearing,
changes in sensory perception, loss of dermal thickness, increased vascular fragility; ability
of soft tisuse to distribute mechanical load w/out comprosing blood flow is impaired
What does nonblanching erythema indicate in the skin r/t PU?
when pressure is applied to the erythematic area skin becomes white (blanched), but once
relieved, erythema returns -indicating blood flow; however in nonblanching erythema, skin
does not blanche-indicating impaired blood flow-suggesting tissue destructon
why does sitting in a chair pose more of a risk in skin break down than lying?
deep tissue injury or PU is likely to occur sooner sitting down because tissue offloading over
boney prominences is higher
Describe what you will see in deep tissue injury?
purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin skinor blood filled blister; may be
preceded by painful, firm, mushy, or boggy; skin may be warmer to cooler in adjacent tissue.
In dark skin, thin blister or eschar over a dark wound bed may bee seen
Describe stage I pressure ulcer?
Intact skin with nonblanchable redness of localized area. Will not see blanching in dark skin,
but changes in skin tissue consistency (firm vs boggy when palpated), sensation (pain), and
warmer or cooler temperature may differ from surrounding area
Describe stage II pressure ulcer?
partial-thickness wound where epidermis and tip of dermis is lost with red-pink wound bed
w/out slough. may also present as intact or open/ruptured serum -filled blister
Describe stage III pressure ulcer?
, full-thickness wound where both epidermis and dermis is lost and subcutaneous tissue may
be visible, but deeper structures such as muscle, bone, and tendon are not exposed; slough my
be present but it doesn't obscure depth and tunneling and undermining may be present
Describe stage IV pressure ulcer?
full-thickness wound with exposed bone,tendon, and muscle; slough or eschar may be seen in
some parts of the wound bed. you will often see tunneling and undermining. Osteomyelitis
may be dxed at this stage, since bone is palpable
Describe unstageble ulcers?
full-thickness wound where base of the ulcer is covered by slough and/or eschar, obscuring
depth
When should eschars not be removed?
when it's stable with dry, adherent, and intact w/out erythema on the heel; this serves as the
body's natural cover and should not be removed.
Therapeutic function of pressure distribution is accomplised by what 2 factors?
immersion and envelopement
Define immersion?
depth of penetration or skining into surgace allowing pressure to be spread out over
surrounding area rather than directly over boney prominence
Define envelopement?
is the ability of support surface to conform to irregularities without causing substantial
increase in pressure
what is bottoming out?
