,
,
, Contents
1 Organisation of the Body ........................................................................ 1
2 Cells and Tissues ..................................................................................... 7 2.1
Cells and Tissues ........................................................................... 7 2.2 Cell Cycle
(Mitosis and Protein Synthesis) ................................... 27
3 Measurement, Errors and Data ............................................................. 35
4 Chemistry for Physiology ....................................................................... 43 4.1
Atoms and Molecules .................................................................... 43 4.2
Solutions ........................................................................................ 52 4.3 Diffusion
and Osmosis ................................................................... 61 4.4 Tonicity, Moles
and Osmoles ......................................................... 69 4.5 Acids, Bases and
Buffers ............................................................... 79 4.6 Organic Chemistry and
Macromolecules ...................................... 93
5 Integument ............................................................................................... 105 6
Homeostasis ............................................................................................. 119 7
Skeleton and Joints ................................................................................. 125 8
Muscles ..................................................................................................... 143 9
Gastro-Intestinal System ........................................................................ 161 10
Endocrine System .................................................................................... 191 11
Renal System ........................................................................................... 211
12 Cardiovascular System ........................................................................... 237
12.1 Blood .............................................................................................. 237 12.2
Heart .............................................................................................. 250 12.3 Blood
Vessels ................................................................................. 262 12.4 Pressure: The
Physics of Pressure ................................................. 274
ix
x Contents
12.5 Pressure Applied to the Cardiovascular System ............................ 286 12.6
Blood Pressure and Its Control ...................................................... 297
13 Respiratory System ................................................................................. 315
13.1 Anatomy and Physiology ............................................................... 315 13.2
Pressure Applied to the Respiratory System ................................. 335
14 Nervous System ....................................................................................... 347
,
, Contents
1 Organisation of the Body ........................................................................ 1
2 Cells and Tissues ..................................................................................... 7 2.1
Cells and Tissues ........................................................................... 7 2.2 Cell Cycle
(Mitosis and Protein Synthesis) ................................... 27
3 Measurement, Errors and Data ............................................................. 35
4 Chemistry for Physiology ....................................................................... 43 4.1
Atoms and Molecules .................................................................... 43 4.2
Solutions ........................................................................................ 52 4.3 Diffusion
and Osmosis ................................................................... 61 4.4 Tonicity, Moles
and Osmoles ......................................................... 69 4.5 Acids, Bases and
Buffers ............................................................... 79 4.6 Organic Chemistry and
Macromolecules ...................................... 93
5 Integument ............................................................................................... 105 6
Homeostasis ............................................................................................. 119 7
Skeleton and Joints ................................................................................. 125 8
Muscles ..................................................................................................... 143 9
Gastro-Intestinal System ........................................................................ 161 10
Endocrine System .................................................................................... 191 11
Renal System ........................................................................................... 211
12 Cardiovascular System ........................................................................... 237
12.1 Blood .............................................................................................. 237 12.2
Heart .............................................................................................. 250 12.3 Blood
Vessels ................................................................................. 262 12.4 Pressure: The
Physics of Pressure ................................................. 274
ix
x Contents
12.5 Pressure Applied to the Cardiovascular System ............................ 286 12.6
Blood Pressure and Its Control ...................................................... 297
13 Respiratory System ................................................................................. 315
13.1 Anatomy and Physiology ............................................................... 315 13.2
Pressure Applied to the Respiratory System ................................. 335
14 Nervous System ....................................................................................... 347
