Endogenous neurotransmitters
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norepinephrine and dopamine.
Phase 2 clinical trial:
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· Conducted in patients who have the disease or condition for which the
drug is designed to treat.
· Determine whether the drug is effective in treating the condition it is
recommended for, in a limited number of people (i.e. 100 to 500).
Careful attention is paid to the safety of the drug.
,The use of amphetamines by athletes:
a. Often results in a less than 5% increase in athletic performance
b. Results in no increase in athletic performance
c. Decreases aggressive behaviour during competition
d. Decreases mental acuity
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a. Often results in a less than 5% increase in athletic performance
The TD50 of a drug in rats was found to be 50 milligrams/kilogram. The ED50 of the
same drug in rats was 1 milligram/kilogram. From this
information, one can calculate that the therapeutic index of the drug in rats is:
a) 0.02
b) 50
c) 49
d) 51
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, b) 50
Therapeutic index is TD50/ED50 ;
50/1
=50
Therapeutic Index versus Therapeutic Range/ Window?
Therapeutic Index formula?
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Measure that assesses the drugs toxicities (measurement of how safe a
drug is for use)
Therapeutic range: range at which a drug is effective (What concentrations
of drug do we want to have in the blood to be able to see our therapeutic
effect?)
High therapeutic index= less adverse effects
Formula: TD50/ED50
(toxic dose 50 - toxic dose to 50% of the population)
divided by
(median effective 50 - dose effective to 50% of the population)
Which one of the following statements is correct:
a. Drugs injected into skeletal muscle are generally slowly absorbed into the blood
supply and act after a period of one hour.
b. It is not possible for poisonous materials to be absorbed through the skin.
c. Drugs dissolved in purified water can be used for intravenous injection, which
, ensures 100% bioavailability.
d. Orally administered drugs always have reliable bioavailability, ranging from 85-95%.
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c. Drugs dissolved in purified water can be used for intravenous injection,
which ensures 100% bioavailability.
Drug-Food interaction: Tyramine
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Tyramine is found in cheese.
· Capable of raising blood pressure and is broken down in the liver by an
enzyme known as monoamine oxidase (MAO).
· Usually the tyramine present in foods is not a problem, but one class of
antidepressant drugs are inhibitors of MAO.
o If a patient is being treated with an MAO inhibitor and consumes a food
containing tyramine, the tyramine will not be broken down to inactive
products and the blood pressure raising effects of tyramine will be greatly
intensified.
True or false:
Drug A (which has therapeutic index of 50) is a safer drug than Drug B (which has a
therapeutic index of 5)
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True. The higher the therapeutic index, the safer the drug is.
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norepinephrine and dopamine.
Phase 2 clinical trial:
Give this one a try later!
· Conducted in patients who have the disease or condition for which the
drug is designed to treat.
· Determine whether the drug is effective in treating the condition it is
recommended for, in a limited number of people (i.e. 100 to 500).
Careful attention is paid to the safety of the drug.
,The use of amphetamines by athletes:
a. Often results in a less than 5% increase in athletic performance
b. Results in no increase in athletic performance
c. Decreases aggressive behaviour during competition
d. Decreases mental acuity
Give this one a try later!
a. Often results in a less than 5% increase in athletic performance
The TD50 of a drug in rats was found to be 50 milligrams/kilogram. The ED50 of the
same drug in rats was 1 milligram/kilogram. From this
information, one can calculate that the therapeutic index of the drug in rats is:
a) 0.02
b) 50
c) 49
d) 51
Give this one a try later!
, b) 50
Therapeutic index is TD50/ED50 ;
50/1
=50
Therapeutic Index versus Therapeutic Range/ Window?
Therapeutic Index formula?
Give this one a try later!
Measure that assesses the drugs toxicities (measurement of how safe a
drug is for use)
Therapeutic range: range at which a drug is effective (What concentrations
of drug do we want to have in the blood to be able to see our therapeutic
effect?)
High therapeutic index= less adverse effects
Formula: TD50/ED50
(toxic dose 50 - toxic dose to 50% of the population)
divided by
(median effective 50 - dose effective to 50% of the population)
Which one of the following statements is correct:
a. Drugs injected into skeletal muscle are generally slowly absorbed into the blood
supply and act after a period of one hour.
b. It is not possible for poisonous materials to be absorbed through the skin.
c. Drugs dissolved in purified water can be used for intravenous injection, which
, ensures 100% bioavailability.
d. Orally administered drugs always have reliable bioavailability, ranging from 85-95%.
Give this one a try later!
c. Drugs dissolved in purified water can be used for intravenous injection,
which ensures 100% bioavailability.
Drug-Food interaction: Tyramine
Give this one a try later!
Tyramine is found in cheese.
· Capable of raising blood pressure and is broken down in the liver by an
enzyme known as monoamine oxidase (MAO).
· Usually the tyramine present in foods is not a problem, but one class of
antidepressant drugs are inhibitors of MAO.
o If a patient is being treated with an MAO inhibitor and consumes a food
containing tyramine, the tyramine will not be broken down to inactive
products and the blood pressure raising effects of tyramine will be greatly
intensified.
True or false:
Drug A (which has therapeutic index of 50) is a safer drug than Drug B (which has a
therapeutic index of 5)
Give this one a try later!
True. The higher the therapeutic index, the safer the drug is.
