RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 250
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
ALREADY PASSED
◉ Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea,
and vomiting.
Answer: Gastroenteritis
◉ Most common cause of chronic gastritis.
Answer: Helicobacter pylori
◉ Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes
that cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle
behaviors (smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility.
Answer: Helicobacter pylori
◉ Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water
contamination, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions,
and other chronic disease.
Answer: Gastritis
,◉ Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage.
Answer: Chronic Gastritis
◉ Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric
pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and
malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration
and bleeding..
Answer: Gastritis
◉ Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the
esophagus. Bile can also back up into the esophagus..
Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa.
Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated
beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and
peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity,
pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers,
calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric
intubation, and delayed gastric emptying.
Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
,◉ Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a
meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis,
pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the
throat..
Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal
cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease.
Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac
disease.
Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum.
Answer: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
◉ Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric
tumors, and those for GERD..
Answer: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
, ◉ Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration
through the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between
destructive forces and protective mechanisms.
Answer: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
◉ Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD).
Answer: Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
◉ Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori
infections. Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in
the presence of food.
Answer: Duodenal ulcers
◉ Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with
malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically
worsens with eating..
Answer: Gastric Ulcers
◉ Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due
to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the
stomach, and decreased GI motility..
Answer: Stress ulcers
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
ALREADY PASSED
◉ Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea,
and vomiting.
Answer: Gastroenteritis
◉ Most common cause of chronic gastritis.
Answer: Helicobacter pylori
◉ Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes
that cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle
behaviors (smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility.
Answer: Helicobacter pylori
◉ Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water
contamination, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions,
and other chronic disease.
Answer: Gastritis
,◉ Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage.
Answer: Chronic Gastritis
◉ Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric
pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and
malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration
and bleeding..
Answer: Gastritis
◉ Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the
esophagus. Bile can also back up into the esophagus..
Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa.
Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated
beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and
peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity,
pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers,
calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric
intubation, and delayed gastric emptying.
Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
,◉ Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a
meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis,
pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the
throat..
Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal
cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease.
Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac
disease.
Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
◉ Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum.
Answer: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
◉ Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric
tumors, and those for GERD..
Answer: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
, ◉ Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration
through the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between
destructive forces and protective mechanisms.
Answer: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
◉ Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD).
Answer: Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
◉ Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori
infections. Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in
the presence of food.
Answer: Duodenal ulcers
◉ Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with
malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically
worsens with eating..
Answer: Gastric Ulcers
◉ Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due
to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the
stomach, and decreased GI motility..
Answer: Stress ulcers
