HCR 240 MIDTERM 2026/2027 | STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE QUESTIONS,
ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
A condition in which serum sodium levels exceed 145 mEq/L is: - correct answer ✔✔hypernatremia
Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area where there is more water
to an area where there is less water is known as: - correct answer ✔✔osmosis
Sodium accounts for what percentage of extra cellular fluid cations: - correct answer ✔✔90%
In which of the following conditions is blood pH and bicarbonate levels high while PaCO2 is normal? -
correct answer ✔✔metabolic alkalosis
Methamphetamine exposure can cause different symptoms based on prior disease or functioning in the
individual. A symptom in a healthy individual would be: - correct answer ✔✔laryngitis
Which of the following hormones regulates blood sodium and potassium levels? - correct answer
✔✔aldosterone
A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute from an
area of greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the
teaching? - correct answer ✔✔diffusion
Your patient has had a cast on the leg for 8 weeks due to a compound fracture. As you remove the cast,
the important information for a patient would be: - correct answer ✔✔the leg may appear smaller due
to atrophy
A nurse is reviewing lab reports. The nurse recalls blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid
compartments? - correct answer ✔✔intravascular fluid
The lack of sufficient oxygen within cells is; - correct answer ✔✔hypoxia
A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic
injury secondary to: - correct answer ✔✔ischemia
Which of these is the term for cellular ingestion of large particles, also known as "cell eating"? - correct
answer ✔✔phagocytosis
Which of the following is the basic unit of inheritance? - correct answer ✔✔gene
Which of the following is the method that cells use to transport cholesterol into cells? - correct answer
✔✔receptor-mediated endocytosis
_______ is a condition in which blood pH is less than 7.35, PaCO2 is greater than 45 mm Hg and
bicarbonate levels are normal. - correct answer ✔✔respiratory acidosis
, Which of these terms describes the movement of water and solute through a membrane because of a
greater pushing pressure on one side of the membrane? - correct answer ✔✔filtration
_____ is the programmed death of a cell that maintains the health of the body by eliminating old,
unnecessary, and unhealthy cells. - correct answer ✔✔apoptosis
Which of the following patients is the most at risk for developing hypernatremia?
A patient with: - correct answer ✔✔dehydration
Your patient is 80 year old and has many debilitating diseases When you do your morning assessment
you see a red spot on the coccyx. Tissues are likely in what phase: - correct answer ✔✔cellular
destruction
Which of the following mechanisms does the thyroid gland use in iodine uptake? - correct answer
✔✔active transport
When a patient asks the nurse what hypersensitivity is, how should the nurse respond? Hypersensitivity
is best defined as: - correct answer ✔✔excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a
sensitizing antigen
Adaptive immunity is specific, has memory, and augments the inflammatory response. - correct answer
✔✔true
Which of these are immunoglobulins involved in most of the protective activities against infections? -
correct answer ✔✔IgG
The elderly may foster inappropriate coping mechanisms as a result of increased stress such as? - correct
answer ✔✔social isolation
A 30-year-old male was involved in a motor vehicle accident. The glass from the shattered window cut
his face and neck. The scar, however, was raised and extended beyond the original boundaries of the
wound. This pattern of scarring is caused by impaired: - correct answer ✔✔collagen synthesis
Which of the following are cells that are responsible for humoral immunity that produce antibodies? -
correct answer ✔✔B cells
Innate immunity includes physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers and
inflammation. - correct answer ✔✔true
When assessing the effects of elevated β-endorphins in a patient, which of the following should the
nurse monitor? - correct answer ✔✔pain inhibition
A female student is driving to school when another driver nearly hits her. Her heart begins beating
harder and faster as she becomes aroused and scared. Which of the following stages of the general
adaptation syndrome is she experiencing? - correct answer ✔✔alarm stage
Which of the following are immunoglobulins that act as mediators of common allergic reactions? -
correct answer ✔✔IgE
ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
A condition in which serum sodium levels exceed 145 mEq/L is: - correct answer ✔✔hypernatremia
Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area where there is more water
to an area where there is less water is known as: - correct answer ✔✔osmosis
Sodium accounts for what percentage of extra cellular fluid cations: - correct answer ✔✔90%
In which of the following conditions is blood pH and bicarbonate levels high while PaCO2 is normal? -
correct answer ✔✔metabolic alkalosis
Methamphetamine exposure can cause different symptoms based on prior disease or functioning in the
individual. A symptom in a healthy individual would be: - correct answer ✔✔laryngitis
Which of the following hormones regulates blood sodium and potassium levels? - correct answer
✔✔aldosterone
A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute from an
area of greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the
teaching? - correct answer ✔✔diffusion
Your patient has had a cast on the leg for 8 weeks due to a compound fracture. As you remove the cast,
the important information for a patient would be: - correct answer ✔✔the leg may appear smaller due
to atrophy
A nurse is reviewing lab reports. The nurse recalls blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid
compartments? - correct answer ✔✔intravascular fluid
The lack of sufficient oxygen within cells is; - correct answer ✔✔hypoxia
A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic
injury secondary to: - correct answer ✔✔ischemia
Which of these is the term for cellular ingestion of large particles, also known as "cell eating"? - correct
answer ✔✔phagocytosis
Which of the following is the basic unit of inheritance? - correct answer ✔✔gene
Which of the following is the method that cells use to transport cholesterol into cells? - correct answer
✔✔receptor-mediated endocytosis
_______ is a condition in which blood pH is less than 7.35, PaCO2 is greater than 45 mm Hg and
bicarbonate levels are normal. - correct answer ✔✔respiratory acidosis
, Which of these terms describes the movement of water and solute through a membrane because of a
greater pushing pressure on one side of the membrane? - correct answer ✔✔filtration
_____ is the programmed death of a cell that maintains the health of the body by eliminating old,
unnecessary, and unhealthy cells. - correct answer ✔✔apoptosis
Which of the following patients is the most at risk for developing hypernatremia?
A patient with: - correct answer ✔✔dehydration
Your patient is 80 year old and has many debilitating diseases When you do your morning assessment
you see a red spot on the coccyx. Tissues are likely in what phase: - correct answer ✔✔cellular
destruction
Which of the following mechanisms does the thyroid gland use in iodine uptake? - correct answer
✔✔active transport
When a patient asks the nurse what hypersensitivity is, how should the nurse respond? Hypersensitivity
is best defined as: - correct answer ✔✔excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a
sensitizing antigen
Adaptive immunity is specific, has memory, and augments the inflammatory response. - correct answer
✔✔true
Which of these are immunoglobulins involved in most of the protective activities against infections? -
correct answer ✔✔IgG
The elderly may foster inappropriate coping mechanisms as a result of increased stress such as? - correct
answer ✔✔social isolation
A 30-year-old male was involved in a motor vehicle accident. The glass from the shattered window cut
his face and neck. The scar, however, was raised and extended beyond the original boundaries of the
wound. This pattern of scarring is caused by impaired: - correct answer ✔✔collagen synthesis
Which of the following are cells that are responsible for humoral immunity that produce antibodies? -
correct answer ✔✔B cells
Innate immunity includes physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers and
inflammation. - correct answer ✔✔true
When assessing the effects of elevated β-endorphins in a patient, which of the following should the
nurse monitor? - correct answer ✔✔pain inhibition
A female student is driving to school when another driver nearly hits her. Her heart begins beating
harder and faster as she becomes aroused and scared. Which of the following stages of the general
adaptation syndrome is she experiencing? - correct answer ✔✔alarm stage
Which of the following are immunoglobulins that act as mediators of common allergic reactions? -
correct answer ✔✔IgE
