lOMoARcPSD|59750855
NSG 3850 exam 1 - practice
Pathophysiology For Nurses II (Galen College of Nursing)
, lOMoARcPSD|59750855
NSG 3850: Unit 1 Fluid & Electrolyte
Homeostasis and Imbalances
💧 Body Fluid Homeostasis
• Intracellular (ICF): rich in potassium, magnesium, proteins, and phosphates; low in
sodium and chloride.
• Extracellular (ECF): rich in sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate; divided into vascular
(protein rich) and interstitial (protein poor) spaces.
• Transcellular: secreted by epithelial cells (CSF, synovial, pleural, etc.).
• Controlled by hormones: ADH (water reabsorption), Aldosterone (sodium & water
retention), ANP/BNP (fluid excretion).
• Aging: older adults have ↓ total body water, ↓ thirst sensation, ↓ GFR, and ↑ risk of
dehydration.
⚖️ Fluid Imbalances
Fluid imbalances can involve changes in extracellular fluid volume (saline imbalances) or
concentration (water imbalances).
📉 Volume Deficit (Hypovolemia)
Aspect Details
Etiology GI loss (emesis, diarrhea, NG suction), renal
loss (diuretics, adrenal insufficiency),
burns, hemorrhage, third spacing.
Pathophysiology Loss of isotonic fluid (saline) → decreased
ECF → ↓ vascular volume & perfusion.
Clinical Manifestations Weight loss, postural hypotension, ↑ HR, flat
neck veins, dry mucosa, poor turgor,
oliguria, dizziness, confusion.
📈 Volume Excess (Hypervolemia)
Aspect Details
Etiology Excess isotonic fluid intake (IV), renal
retention (CHF, cirrhosis, Cushing's, renal
disease, steroids).
Pathophysiology Retention of sodium and water → expanded
ECF volume → ↑ hydrostatic pressure →
edema.
Clinical Manifestations Weight gain, edema, bounding pulses, JVD,
crackles, dyspnea, orthopnea, pulmonary
NSG 3850 exam 1 - practice
Pathophysiology For Nurses II (Galen College of Nursing)
, lOMoARcPSD|59750855
NSG 3850: Unit 1 Fluid & Electrolyte
Homeostasis and Imbalances
💧 Body Fluid Homeostasis
• Intracellular (ICF): rich in potassium, magnesium, proteins, and phosphates; low in
sodium and chloride.
• Extracellular (ECF): rich in sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate; divided into vascular
(protein rich) and interstitial (protein poor) spaces.
• Transcellular: secreted by epithelial cells (CSF, synovial, pleural, etc.).
• Controlled by hormones: ADH (water reabsorption), Aldosterone (sodium & water
retention), ANP/BNP (fluid excretion).
• Aging: older adults have ↓ total body water, ↓ thirst sensation, ↓ GFR, and ↑ risk of
dehydration.
⚖️ Fluid Imbalances
Fluid imbalances can involve changes in extracellular fluid volume (saline imbalances) or
concentration (water imbalances).
📉 Volume Deficit (Hypovolemia)
Aspect Details
Etiology GI loss (emesis, diarrhea, NG suction), renal
loss (diuretics, adrenal insufficiency),
burns, hemorrhage, third spacing.
Pathophysiology Loss of isotonic fluid (saline) → decreased
ECF → ↓ vascular volume & perfusion.
Clinical Manifestations Weight loss, postural hypotension, ↑ HR, flat
neck veins, dry mucosa, poor turgor,
oliguria, dizziness, confusion.
📈 Volume Excess (Hypervolemia)
Aspect Details
Etiology Excess isotonic fluid intake (IV), renal
retention (CHF, cirrhosis, Cushing's, renal
disease, steroids).
Pathophysiology Retention of sodium and water → expanded
ECF volume → ↑ hydrostatic pressure →
edema.
Clinical Manifestations Weight gain, edema, bounding pulses, JVD,
crackles, dyspnea, orthopnea, pulmonary
