NUR 452 TEST EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔food intoxication - ✔✔-toxins produced by bacterial growth, chemical contaminants
(heavy metals), other substances naturally (mushrooms/seafood)
-Botulism, Mercury poisoning
✔✔waterborne diseases - ✔✔-CDC defines an outbreak as an incident in which 2 or
more persons experience similar illness after drinking water as the cause of the illness
-Agents (viruses, bacteria, and protozoa) enter water supply through animal or human
fecal contamination
-Viral - Hep A, enteroviruses, rotaviruses
-Bacterial - Cholera, Typhoid Fever
✔✔Vector-borne diseases and zoonoses - ✔✔Vector-borne diseases involve zoonotic
cycles and require an animal, host or reservoir
-Lyme Disease (most common in US!)
-Malaria (most common worldwide!)
-West Nile Virus
-Rabies
✔✔How an Infectious agent is transmitted by a carrier or vector - ✔✔(mosquito, tick, fly,
cockroach)
--Mechanical transmission (cockroach and fly contract agent with legs/mouth parts and
carries it to the host via contaminated food or cooking utensils)
--Biological transmission (mosquito & tick usually needed for infectious agent to
develop)
✔✔parasitic diseases - ✔✔-More prevalent in developing countries due to tropical
climate and ↓ prevention and control
-parasites
-Pinworms (itching around butt, common in day cares)
-Trichinosis
,✔✔4 groups parasites are classified in - ✔✔1. Nematodes (Roundworms)
2. Cestodes (Tapeworms)
3. Trematodes (Flukes)
-Clonorchis is a liver fluke that can infect the liver, gallbladder and bile duct in humans.
Humans become infected by eating parasite containing cysts with infected
raw/undercooked fish, crabs, or crayfish. Treated through HCP
4. Protozoa (Single-celled animals)
✔✔Disease of Travelers - ✔✔-Exposure from other countries and bring back to the US
-Health departments and travel clinics can provide information and recommendations
-Refugees and immigrants should be assessed - TB, cholera, Hepatitis, HIV
-Malaria
-Foodborne and waterborne - Cryptosporidium
-Diarrheal diseases - Giardia
✔✔Health care acquired infections - ✔✔-Previously referred to as Nosocomial infection
-Acquired during hospitalization
-Patients, health care workers, visitors
-One in every 20 patients develop a HAI
-Hand hygiene critical
-May involve and contribute to antibiotic resistance - MRSA
-Roles - infection control nurse, nurse epidemiologist
✔✔Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) - ✔✔-A viral infection of the liver for which no vaccine is
available
-Up to 75% of people do not know they are infected
-Can live for decades with no symptoms
-Leading cause of liver cancer
-Treatments can help eliminate the virus
-Transmit thru blood of infected pt
✔✔hepatitis A - ✔✔transmission thru fecal route; close person-to-person contact,
sexual contact with infected pt, ingestion of contaminated food/drinks
✔✔Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) - ✔✔virus that causes an inflammation of the liver;
transmitted through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood
transmitted through fecal route and close person to person contact as well
✔✔Tuberculosis - ✔✔-2 types: TB disease and latent TB infection
-TB disease = sick from active TB germs. Usually have s/s & may spread TB germs to
others
, -Latent TB infection = these people do not feel sick, do not have s/s, & can't spread
germs to others...BUT if their TB germs become active, they can develop TB disease.
Will still have a + TB test, indicating TB EXPOSURE
-Millions have latent TB infection. Without tx, they are at risk for developing TB disease
-Requires CXR, follow ups, labs, 180 days of meds—I dose 1x/week for 12 weeks
-Drug resistant TB is most costly and complex
✔✔who should be tested for TB? - ✔✔-Workers at Hospitals and correctional facilities,
dorms bc largely populated
-People with health problems that make it hard to fight TB
-People from countries where TB is common
-People in contact with others with TB
✔✔HIV infection - ✔✔-1 in 10 HIV diagnoses are among peoples who inject drugs
(PWID)
-More than half of PWID used a syringe service program in 2015
-Only 1 in 4 of PWID got ALL their syringes form sterile sources in 2015
-*it may take up to 6 months after exposure to the HIV virus before an HIV antibody test
can test positive, although most infected people will test positive within 3 months. So,
taking an HIV test the next day after unprotected sex will be -, but it may be false bc it
takes up to 6 months for the test to be able to show a + result
--A diagnosis of AIDS is made when CD4 T lymphocytes drop to less than 200/ml.
--population at highest risk of HIV in US: White homosexual men
✔✔4 key steps in viral suppression of HIV care - ✔✔Step 1: HIV testing and diagnosis.
• About 14% of people living with HIV have never been diagnosed. Everyone needs to
be tested so they can find out if they have HIV & get the care needed for viral
suppression and reduce their risk of transmitting virus to others
Step 2: getting & keeping people living with HIV in medical care
• Only 40% of people with HIV received regular HIV medical care. Once in medical care,
people can get HIV meds and prevention services to help them be healthy and protect
partners.
Step 3: prescribing HIV medicines
• Only 37% of those with HIV are prescribed HIV meds—too many are undiagnosed or
are not in HIV medical care.
• Of the patients in HIV medical care, 962% are prescribed HIV meds to lower the
amount of virus in the body
Step 4: helping patients achieve viral suppression
• Only 30% of those with HIV achieved viral suppression.—of patients in HIC medical
care, 76% achieved it.
✔✔nursing implications for STDs: Syphilis - ✔✔Treatment depends on stage
-Counsel to be tested for HIV
-Screen all partners in last 3 months
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔food intoxication - ✔✔-toxins produced by bacterial growth, chemical contaminants
(heavy metals), other substances naturally (mushrooms/seafood)
-Botulism, Mercury poisoning
✔✔waterborne diseases - ✔✔-CDC defines an outbreak as an incident in which 2 or
more persons experience similar illness after drinking water as the cause of the illness
-Agents (viruses, bacteria, and protozoa) enter water supply through animal or human
fecal contamination
-Viral - Hep A, enteroviruses, rotaviruses
-Bacterial - Cholera, Typhoid Fever
✔✔Vector-borne diseases and zoonoses - ✔✔Vector-borne diseases involve zoonotic
cycles and require an animal, host or reservoir
-Lyme Disease (most common in US!)
-Malaria (most common worldwide!)
-West Nile Virus
-Rabies
✔✔How an Infectious agent is transmitted by a carrier or vector - ✔✔(mosquito, tick, fly,
cockroach)
--Mechanical transmission (cockroach and fly contract agent with legs/mouth parts and
carries it to the host via contaminated food or cooking utensils)
--Biological transmission (mosquito & tick usually needed for infectious agent to
develop)
✔✔parasitic diseases - ✔✔-More prevalent in developing countries due to tropical
climate and ↓ prevention and control
-parasites
-Pinworms (itching around butt, common in day cares)
-Trichinosis
,✔✔4 groups parasites are classified in - ✔✔1. Nematodes (Roundworms)
2. Cestodes (Tapeworms)
3. Trematodes (Flukes)
-Clonorchis is a liver fluke that can infect the liver, gallbladder and bile duct in humans.
Humans become infected by eating parasite containing cysts with infected
raw/undercooked fish, crabs, or crayfish. Treated through HCP
4. Protozoa (Single-celled animals)
✔✔Disease of Travelers - ✔✔-Exposure from other countries and bring back to the US
-Health departments and travel clinics can provide information and recommendations
-Refugees and immigrants should be assessed - TB, cholera, Hepatitis, HIV
-Malaria
-Foodborne and waterborne - Cryptosporidium
-Diarrheal diseases - Giardia
✔✔Health care acquired infections - ✔✔-Previously referred to as Nosocomial infection
-Acquired during hospitalization
-Patients, health care workers, visitors
-One in every 20 patients develop a HAI
-Hand hygiene critical
-May involve and contribute to antibiotic resistance - MRSA
-Roles - infection control nurse, nurse epidemiologist
✔✔Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) - ✔✔-A viral infection of the liver for which no vaccine is
available
-Up to 75% of people do not know they are infected
-Can live for decades with no symptoms
-Leading cause of liver cancer
-Treatments can help eliminate the virus
-Transmit thru blood of infected pt
✔✔hepatitis A - ✔✔transmission thru fecal route; close person-to-person contact,
sexual contact with infected pt, ingestion of contaminated food/drinks
✔✔Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) - ✔✔virus that causes an inflammation of the liver;
transmitted through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood
transmitted through fecal route and close person to person contact as well
✔✔Tuberculosis - ✔✔-2 types: TB disease and latent TB infection
-TB disease = sick from active TB germs. Usually have s/s & may spread TB germs to
others
, -Latent TB infection = these people do not feel sick, do not have s/s, & can't spread
germs to others...BUT if their TB germs become active, they can develop TB disease.
Will still have a + TB test, indicating TB EXPOSURE
-Millions have latent TB infection. Without tx, they are at risk for developing TB disease
-Requires CXR, follow ups, labs, 180 days of meds—I dose 1x/week for 12 weeks
-Drug resistant TB is most costly and complex
✔✔who should be tested for TB? - ✔✔-Workers at Hospitals and correctional facilities,
dorms bc largely populated
-People with health problems that make it hard to fight TB
-People from countries where TB is common
-People in contact with others with TB
✔✔HIV infection - ✔✔-1 in 10 HIV diagnoses are among peoples who inject drugs
(PWID)
-More than half of PWID used a syringe service program in 2015
-Only 1 in 4 of PWID got ALL their syringes form sterile sources in 2015
-*it may take up to 6 months after exposure to the HIV virus before an HIV antibody test
can test positive, although most infected people will test positive within 3 months. So,
taking an HIV test the next day after unprotected sex will be -, but it may be false bc it
takes up to 6 months for the test to be able to show a + result
--A diagnosis of AIDS is made when CD4 T lymphocytes drop to less than 200/ml.
--population at highest risk of HIV in US: White homosexual men
✔✔4 key steps in viral suppression of HIV care - ✔✔Step 1: HIV testing and diagnosis.
• About 14% of people living with HIV have never been diagnosed. Everyone needs to
be tested so they can find out if they have HIV & get the care needed for viral
suppression and reduce their risk of transmitting virus to others
Step 2: getting & keeping people living with HIV in medical care
• Only 40% of people with HIV received regular HIV medical care. Once in medical care,
people can get HIV meds and prevention services to help them be healthy and protect
partners.
Step 3: prescribing HIV medicines
• Only 37% of those with HIV are prescribed HIV meds—too many are undiagnosed or
are not in HIV medical care.
• Of the patients in HIV medical care, 962% are prescribed HIV meds to lower the
amount of virus in the body
Step 4: helping patients achieve viral suppression
• Only 30% of those with HIV achieved viral suppression.—of patients in HIC medical
care, 76% achieved it.
✔✔nursing implications for STDs: Syphilis - ✔✔Treatment depends on stage
-Counsel to be tested for HIV
-Screen all partners in last 3 months
