NSG 530 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 STUDY
GUIDE
1. A 55-year-old male smoker presents with a persistent cough. A biopsy of his bronchial
epithelium reveals a change from ciliated columnar cells to stratified squamous cells. What is
the most likely cellular adaptation?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often as a response to chronic irritation like smoking.
2. During myocardial ischemia, the failure of the sodium-potassium pump leads to which of
the following cellular changes?
A. Intracellular dehydration
,B. Decreased mitochondrial permeability
C. Increased intracellular pH
D. Extracellular calcium influx and cellular swelling
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Failure of the Na+/K+ pump leads to sodium accumulation
inside the cell, causing osmotic pressure to draw water in, leading to cell swelling and
calcium influx.
3. Which statement best describes the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
A. Necrosis is programmed cell death, while apoptosis is accidental.
B. Apoptosis always causes an inflammatory response.
C. Necrosis involves cell swelling and lysis, causing inflammation, whereas apoptosis is tidy
and programmed.
D. Apoptosis is characterized by the leakage of lysosomal enzymes into the interstitial
space.
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Necrosis is passive, accidental cell death resulting in
inflammation; apoptosis is a highly regulated, programmed process that avoids
inflammation.
, 4. A child is diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis, an autosomal recessive disorder. If both parents
are asymptomatic carriers, what is the probability that their next child will have the disease?
A. 75%
B. 50%
C. 25%
D. 100%
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: For autosomal recessive disorders, two carrier parents (Aa x Aa)
have a 25% chance of an affected offspring (aa).
5. In X-linked recessive disorders, such as Hemophilia A, which of the following is true?
A. Affected fathers pass the gene to all of their sons.
B. Females are more frequently affected than males.
C. Affected fathers pass the gene to all of their daughters, who become carriers.
D. A carrier mother has a 100% chance of having an affected son.
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Fathers pass their X chromosome only to daughters; therefore,
all daughters of an affected father will be carriers, but sons receive the Y chromosome.
6. Which chromosomal abnormality is characterized by the karyotype 47, XXY?
A. Turner Syndrome
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 STUDY
GUIDE
1. A 55-year-old male smoker presents with a persistent cough. A biopsy of his bronchial
epithelium reveals a change from ciliated columnar cells to stratified squamous cells. What is
the most likely cellular adaptation?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often as a response to chronic irritation like smoking.
2. During myocardial ischemia, the failure of the sodium-potassium pump leads to which of
the following cellular changes?
A. Intracellular dehydration
,B. Decreased mitochondrial permeability
C. Increased intracellular pH
D. Extracellular calcium influx and cellular swelling
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Failure of the Na+/K+ pump leads to sodium accumulation
inside the cell, causing osmotic pressure to draw water in, leading to cell swelling and
calcium influx.
3. Which statement best describes the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
A. Necrosis is programmed cell death, while apoptosis is accidental.
B. Apoptosis always causes an inflammatory response.
C. Necrosis involves cell swelling and lysis, causing inflammation, whereas apoptosis is tidy
and programmed.
D. Apoptosis is characterized by the leakage of lysosomal enzymes into the interstitial
space.
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Necrosis is passive, accidental cell death resulting in
inflammation; apoptosis is a highly regulated, programmed process that avoids
inflammation.
, 4. A child is diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis, an autosomal recessive disorder. If both parents
are asymptomatic carriers, what is the probability that their next child will have the disease?
A. 75%
B. 50%
C. 25%
D. 100%
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: For autosomal recessive disorders, two carrier parents (Aa x Aa)
have a 25% chance of an affected offspring (aa).
5. In X-linked recessive disorders, such as Hemophilia A, which of the following is true?
A. Affected fathers pass the gene to all of their sons.
B. Females are more frequently affected than males.
C. Affected fathers pass the gene to all of their daughters, who become carriers.
D. A carrier mother has a 100% chance of having an affected son.
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Fathers pass their X chromosome only to daughters; therefore,
all daughters of an affected father will be carriers, but sons receive the Y chromosome.
6. Which chromosomal abnormality is characterized by the karyotype 47, XXY?
A. Turner Syndrome
