Page 1 of 77
ECPI BIO 116 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 2 EXAM 2026-
QUESTIONS LATEST 2026 – 2027 VERSION SOLVED
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
ECPI BIO 116 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 2
COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM REVIEW
All Chapters 14-24 (Chapter 18 Excluded) – Questions with Detailed Rationales
SECTION 1: GENETICS & INHERITANCE (Questions 1-25)
1. Genes are best defined as which of the following biological units of heredity?
A. Sequences of RNA that encode lipids
B. Sequences of DNA that encode proteins
C. Segments of chromosomes that encode carbohydrates
D. Molecules of protein that regulate gene expression
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Genes are defined as sequences of DNA that encode proteins. They are the
fundamental units of heredity that carry the instructions for building proteins, which
determine an organism's traits. Option A is incorrect because genes are composed of
DNA, not RNA. Option C is incorrect because genes encode proteins, not
carbohydrates. Option D is incorrect because genes themselves are DNA sequences,
not protein regulators.
2. A dominant allele is best described as which of the following genetic
expressions?
A. An allele that is never expressed in any generation
B. An allele that masks the expression of another allele
C. An allele whose expression is masked by another allele
D. An allele that only appears in the presence of two copies
, Page 2 of 77
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A dominant allele is one that masks the expression of another allele. When a
dominant allele is present, its trait is expressed in the phenotype regardless of the other
allele present. Option A is incorrect because dominant alleles are expressed. Option C
describes a recessive allele. Option D describes a recessive trait, not a dominant allele.
3. A recessive allele is best described as which of the following genetic
expressions?
A. An allele that always masks the expression of another allele
B. An allele that is always expressed in every generation
C. An allele whose expression is masked by another allele
D. An allele that only appears in males
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A recessive allele is one whose expression is masked by another allele. A
recessive trait is only expressed when an individual has two copies of the recessive
allele (homozygous recessive). Option A describes a dominant allele. Option B is
incorrect because recessive alleles may not be expressed if a dominant allele is
present. Option D is incorrect because recessive alleles affect both males and females.
4. Humans who possess two X chromosomes are genetically which sex?
A. Male
B. Female
C. Neither male nor female
D. Both male and female
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Humans with two X chromosomes (XX) are genetically female. The presence
of the Y chromosome determines maleness. Option A is incorrect because males have
one X and one Y chromosome. Option C and D are incorrect because XX is the standard
female chromosomal pattern.
5. The trait for eyes has two different alleles. Allele 1 = E for two small eyes; Allele 2
= e for one large eye. Assuming complete dominance and recessiveness, if the
phenotype is two small eyes, which genotypes are possible?
, Page 3 of 77
A. EE only
B. ee only
C. EE and Ee
D. Ee and ee
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Since two small eyes (E) is dominant over one large eye (e), the phenotype of
two small eyes can result from either the homozygous dominant genotype (EE) or the
heterozygous genotype (Ee). The recessive phenotype (one large eye) would only appear
with the homozygous recessive genotype (ee). Options A is partially correct but
incomplete. Options B and D would result in the recessive phenotype.
6. The trait for skin color has two different alleles. Allele 1 = G for green skin color;
Allele 2 = g for blue skin color. Assuming complete dominance and recessiveness,
if the phenotype is blue, what must be the genotype?
A. GG
B. Gg
C. gg
D. Either GG or Gg
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Since blue skin color (g) is recessive to green skin color (G), the only
genotype that produces the blue phenotype is homozygous recessive (gg). Options A
and B would produce the dominant green phenotype. Option D is incorrect because
only gg produces the recessive phenotype.
7. The trait for tail color has two different alleles. Allele 1 = P for purple; Allele 2 = p
for orange. If the genotype is Pp, what phenotype will be expressed assuming
complete dominance?
A. Orange
B. Purple
C. Both purple and orange
D. A blend of purple and orange
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: With complete dominance, the dominant allele (P for purple) masks the
expression of the recessive allele (p for orange). Therefore, a heterozygous individual
, Page 4 of 77
(Pp) will express the purple phenotype. Option A would occur with pp. Option C
describes codominance. Option D describes incomplete dominance.
8. The trait for tails has two alleles. Allele 1 = T for tail; Allele 2 = t for no tail.
Assuming complete dominance and recessiveness, if the genotype is tt, what
phenotype will be expressed?
A. Tail
B. No tail
C. Both tail and no tail
D. A partial tail
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Since no tail (t) is recessive to tail (T), the homozygous recessive genotype
(tt) will express the no tail phenotype. Options A would occur with TT or Tt. Options C
and D describe other patterns of inheritance.
9. A genotype describes which of the following aspects of an organism?
A. The physical appearance of an organism
B. The DNA of an individual
C. The environmental influences on an organism
D. The evolutionary history of an organism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A genotype describes the DNA of an individual. It represents the genetic
makeup, specifically the alleles present for particular genes. Option A describes
phenotype. Options C and D are not related to genotype.
10. What term describes the physical appearance or observable outcome of an
organism's genes?
A. Genotype
B. Karyotype
C. Phenotype
D. Allelotype
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Phenotype is the appearance or physical outcome of genes. It is the
observable expression of the genotype influenced by environmental factors. Option A is
ECPI BIO 116 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 2 EXAM 2026-
QUESTIONS LATEST 2026 – 2027 VERSION SOLVED
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
ECPI BIO 116 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 2
COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM REVIEW
All Chapters 14-24 (Chapter 18 Excluded) – Questions with Detailed Rationales
SECTION 1: GENETICS & INHERITANCE (Questions 1-25)
1. Genes are best defined as which of the following biological units of heredity?
A. Sequences of RNA that encode lipids
B. Sequences of DNA that encode proteins
C. Segments of chromosomes that encode carbohydrates
D. Molecules of protein that regulate gene expression
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Genes are defined as sequences of DNA that encode proteins. They are the
fundamental units of heredity that carry the instructions for building proteins, which
determine an organism's traits. Option A is incorrect because genes are composed of
DNA, not RNA. Option C is incorrect because genes encode proteins, not
carbohydrates. Option D is incorrect because genes themselves are DNA sequences,
not protein regulators.
2. A dominant allele is best described as which of the following genetic
expressions?
A. An allele that is never expressed in any generation
B. An allele that masks the expression of another allele
C. An allele whose expression is masked by another allele
D. An allele that only appears in the presence of two copies
, Page 2 of 77
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A dominant allele is one that masks the expression of another allele. When a
dominant allele is present, its trait is expressed in the phenotype regardless of the other
allele present. Option A is incorrect because dominant alleles are expressed. Option C
describes a recessive allele. Option D describes a recessive trait, not a dominant allele.
3. A recessive allele is best described as which of the following genetic
expressions?
A. An allele that always masks the expression of another allele
B. An allele that is always expressed in every generation
C. An allele whose expression is masked by another allele
D. An allele that only appears in males
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A recessive allele is one whose expression is masked by another allele. A
recessive trait is only expressed when an individual has two copies of the recessive
allele (homozygous recessive). Option A describes a dominant allele. Option B is
incorrect because recessive alleles may not be expressed if a dominant allele is
present. Option D is incorrect because recessive alleles affect both males and females.
4. Humans who possess two X chromosomes are genetically which sex?
A. Male
B. Female
C. Neither male nor female
D. Both male and female
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Humans with two X chromosomes (XX) are genetically female. The presence
of the Y chromosome determines maleness. Option A is incorrect because males have
one X and one Y chromosome. Option C and D are incorrect because XX is the standard
female chromosomal pattern.
5. The trait for eyes has two different alleles. Allele 1 = E for two small eyes; Allele 2
= e for one large eye. Assuming complete dominance and recessiveness, if the
phenotype is two small eyes, which genotypes are possible?
, Page 3 of 77
A. EE only
B. ee only
C. EE and Ee
D. Ee and ee
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Since two small eyes (E) is dominant over one large eye (e), the phenotype of
two small eyes can result from either the homozygous dominant genotype (EE) or the
heterozygous genotype (Ee). The recessive phenotype (one large eye) would only appear
with the homozygous recessive genotype (ee). Options A is partially correct but
incomplete. Options B and D would result in the recessive phenotype.
6. The trait for skin color has two different alleles. Allele 1 = G for green skin color;
Allele 2 = g for blue skin color. Assuming complete dominance and recessiveness,
if the phenotype is blue, what must be the genotype?
A. GG
B. Gg
C. gg
D. Either GG or Gg
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Since blue skin color (g) is recessive to green skin color (G), the only
genotype that produces the blue phenotype is homozygous recessive (gg). Options A
and B would produce the dominant green phenotype. Option D is incorrect because
only gg produces the recessive phenotype.
7. The trait for tail color has two different alleles. Allele 1 = P for purple; Allele 2 = p
for orange. If the genotype is Pp, what phenotype will be expressed assuming
complete dominance?
A. Orange
B. Purple
C. Both purple and orange
D. A blend of purple and orange
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: With complete dominance, the dominant allele (P for purple) masks the
expression of the recessive allele (p for orange). Therefore, a heterozygous individual
, Page 4 of 77
(Pp) will express the purple phenotype. Option A would occur with pp. Option C
describes codominance. Option D describes incomplete dominance.
8. The trait for tails has two alleles. Allele 1 = T for tail; Allele 2 = t for no tail.
Assuming complete dominance and recessiveness, if the genotype is tt, what
phenotype will be expressed?
A. Tail
B. No tail
C. Both tail and no tail
D. A partial tail
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Since no tail (t) is recessive to tail (T), the homozygous recessive genotype
(tt) will express the no tail phenotype. Options A would occur with TT or Tt. Options C
and D describe other patterns of inheritance.
9. A genotype describes which of the following aspects of an organism?
A. The physical appearance of an organism
B. The DNA of an individual
C. The environmental influences on an organism
D. The evolutionary history of an organism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A genotype describes the DNA of an individual. It represents the genetic
makeup, specifically the alleles present for particular genes. Option A describes
phenotype. Options C and D are not related to genotype.
10. What term describes the physical appearance or observable outcome of an
organism's genes?
A. Genotype
B. Karyotype
C. Phenotype
D. Allelotype
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Phenotype is the appearance or physical outcome of genes. It is the
observable expression of the genotype influenced by environmental factors. Option A is
