NU 545 Unit 1 Study Guide Questions And Answers

NU 545 Unit 1 Study Guide Questions And Answers Summer 2026 - ANSWER -NU 545 Summer 2026 - ANSWER -Patho What happens to calcium pumps during cell injury? - ANSWER -They fail. What causes cellular swelling during cell injury? - ANSWER -Na⁺ accumulates inside the cell due to Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump failure, drawing water in. What happens to osmotic pressure during cell injury caused by hypoxia? - ANSWER -Intracellular osmotic pressure increases. What stimulates mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy? - ANSWER Estrogen and progesterone stimulate ductal and lobular growth. What happens to uterine endometrial cells after ovulation? - ANSWER -They undergo hypertrophy and secretory changes due to progesterone. What occurs when a portion of the liver is removed? - ANSWER -Compensatory hyperplasia of remaining liver cells. What type of necrosis is associated with pulmonary TB? - ANSWER -Caseous necrosis. What causes edema in infants? - ANSWER -Higher percentage of body water, higher metabolic rate, immature kidneys, larger surface area to body weight ratio. Why are obese individuals at greater risk for dehydration? - ANSWER -Higher proportion of fat relative to total body mass results in lower total body water percentage. What causes edema with low plasma albumin? - ANSWER -Low albumin decreases oncotic pressure, preventing fluid reabsorption. What causes edema due to sodium and water retention? - ANSWER -Increased hydrostatic pressure. What causes hypernatremia? - ANSWER -Water loss in excess of sodium, insufficient water intake, or excess sodium intake. Can insulin treat hyperkalemia? - ANSWER -Yes, it drives K⁺ into cells temporarily. What does hyperaldosteronism cause? - ANSWER -Na⁺ and water retention, K⁺ excretion, and H⁺ excretion. What are the neuronal symptoms in hypernatremia? - ANSWER -Irritability, confusion, seizures, coma. What causes decreased urine output with SIADH? - ANSWER -Excess ADH leads to water reabsorption and concentrated, low-volume urine. How does the body compensate for acidosis? - ANSWER -Increased respiratory rate and renal excretion of H⁺. What is Kussmaul respiration? - ANSWER -Deep, rapid breathing as a compensatory mechanism in metabolic acidosis. What causes hyperkalemia? - ANSWER -Renal failure, acidosis, cell destruction, hypoaldosteronism, excess intake. What causes hypermagnesemia? - ANSWER -Renal failure or excess Mg²⁺ intake. What influences calcium and phosphate balances? - ANSWER -Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. What are Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs? - ANSWER -Clinical signs of hypocalcemia; facial twitching and carpal spasm. What causes hypocalcemia? - ANSWER -Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, hyperphosphatemia, pancreatitis, hypomagnesemia. What causes metabolic alkalosis during vomiting? - ANSWER -Loss of hydrochloric acid leads to decreased blood H⁺ and increased pH. What causes edema during inflammation? - ANSWER -Increased vascular permeability allows fluid to escape into tissues. What mediates changes during inflammation? - ANSWER -Histamine and bradykinin. What causes erythema during inflammation? - ANSWER -Vasodilation and increased blood flow, mediated by histamine, prostaglandins, and bradykinin. What causes induration during inflammation? - ANSWER -Leakage of protein rich exudate (fibrin) and infiltration of leukocytes. What bacterium grows in the intestines after prolonged antibiotic therapy? - ANSWER -Clostridioides difficile (C. diff). What is the vascular effect of histamine release from mast cells? - ANSWER Dilation of postcapillary venules and increased vascular permeability, leading to edema. Which leukocyte elevates during early acute inflammatory reaction? - ANSWER Neutrophils (PMNs). What produces fever? - ANSWER -Exogenous pyrogens trigger macrophages to release endogenous pyrogens like IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE₂. What is the process of tissue repair after damage? - ANSWER -Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling/maturation. How do vaccinations work? - ANSWER -Vaccines introduce an antigen, prompting the immune system to produce memory B and T cells for a rapid response upon real exposure. What do bacteria need to multiply? - ANSWER -Iron. How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? - ANSWER -Through enzymatic inactivation, horizontal gene transfer, efflux pumps, altered target sites, and reduced membrane permeability.