NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA
EXAM 1 (LATEST UPDATE) REAL
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100%
CORRECT | ALREADY GRADED A+.
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?
Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
(ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less protein synthesis,
chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
How are free radicals produced?
1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
What is the body's defense against ROS?
Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin,
ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
action potential
Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron
depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential
Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action
potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials
,HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased
neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia,
cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials
HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T
waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials
Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia,
circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials
Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia,
fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy
Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has
decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply,
nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to
cellular death.
Atrophy examples
Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy
Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ.
Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples
, physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy
work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other
kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload
in hypertensive patients / left ventricular hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can
ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples
1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus
and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the
endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for
endometrial cancer
Dysplasia
abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells due
to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
Dysplasia examples
Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must
undergo treatment.
Metaplasia
Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced by another cell).
Exposure to chronic stressors, injury or irritation, like smoking or
hydrochloric acid from heart burn
Metaplasia examples
Most common is change from columnar cells to squamous cells (chronic
smokers).
EXAM 1 (LATEST UPDATE) REAL
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100%
CORRECT | ALREADY GRADED A+.
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?
Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
(ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less protein synthesis,
chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
How are free radicals produced?
1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
What is the body's defense against ROS?
Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin,
ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
action potential
Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron
depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential
Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action
potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials
,HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased
neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia,
cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials
HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T
waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials
Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia,
circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials
Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia,
fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy
Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has
decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply,
nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to
cellular death.
Atrophy examples
Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy
Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ.
Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples
, physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy
work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other
kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload
in hypertensive patients / left ventricular hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can
ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples
1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus
and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the
endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for
endometrial cancer
Dysplasia
abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells due
to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
Dysplasia examples
Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must
undergo treatment.
Metaplasia
Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced by another cell).
Exposure to chronic stressors, injury or irritation, like smoking or
hydrochloric acid from heart burn
Metaplasia examples
Most common is change from columnar cells to squamous cells (chronic
smokers).
