NURSING EXAMS
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NURSE WISEMAN 2026/2027 MEDICINE
,NURS 615 Nurse Practitioners Review
Exam (Latest 2026/ 2027 Update)
100% Verified Questions & Answers |
Grade A+
What is acute pain?
sudden onset, usually subsides once treated
What is chronic pain?
can be made much worse by environmental and psychological factors
persists over a long period of time and is resistant to most medical
treatments
What is one of the most prevalent public health epidemics?
Drug overdose deaths
What are the first line pharmacological treatments for chronic pain?
NSAIDs, anticonvulsants, acetaminophen, and muscle relaxants
What are the first line non-pharmacological recommendations for
chronic pain?
Exercise programs, physical therapy, acupuncture, massage, (TENS),
Chiropractic treatment and Biofeedback therapy
What are first line opioid choices for mild pain?
tramadol, codeine, hydrocodone
What are the first line choices for mild to moderate pain?
hydrocodone or oxycodone
What are the first line choices for severe pain?
hydrocodone, oxycodone or morphine
What is a natural opioid?
morphine, codeine
made from poppy plant
What are semi-synthetic opioids?
oxycodone, hydromorphone, oxymorphone
What are the synthetic opioids?
1) phenylpiperidines - meperidine, fentanyl
2) pseudopiperidine - methadone
What are the three opioid receptors?
Mu (μ), Kappa (κ), Delta (δ)
What opioid receptor is responsible for most of the opioid action?
Mu (μ) (1 and 2)
, What is the Mu-1 receptor responsible for?
central interpretation of pain (located outside of the spinal cord)
What is the Mu-2 receptor responsible for?
(Located in CSF)
respiratory depression, spinal analgesia, physical dependence and
euphoria
What are the kappa receptors responsible for?
analgesia, decreased GI motility, sedation
Adverse: anxiety
What is the function of the delta receptor?
little addictive potential, used to minimize Mu 2 side effects
How does Naloxone interact with opioid receptors?
Blocks both Mu and Kappa receptors
How are opioid analgesics absorbed?
Subject to first pass effect when taken orally
Well absorbed from IM, mucosal surfaces, cutaneous
Where are opioids distributed at the highest concentration?
Tissues
Where is the largest opioid reservior?
Skeletal muscle
Where are highly lipophilic opioids concentrated?
adipose tissue (fat)
Where are opioids metabolized?
liver/kidneys
Where are opioids excreted?
kidneys, urine, and bile
What is the mechanism of action for opioids?
Close N-type calcium channels and open calcium dependent
potassium channels to create hyperpolarization and reduction in
neuronal excitability
What is affective pain?
pain within CNS related to emotion
What is sensory pain?
pain intensity
What are CNS opioid pharmacological actions?
Analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, cough
suppression, N/V
What are cardiac opioid pharmacological actions?
Bradycardia, increase in CO2 with respiratory depression
What are GI opioid pharmacological actions?
Constipation, decreased stomach motility
What are genitourinary opioid pharmacological actions?
Depressed renal function
• Nursing Exam Prep Made Easy — Get
Your Documents Today!
NURSE WISEMAN 2026/2027 MEDICINE
,NURS 615 Nurse Practitioners Review
Exam (Latest 2026/ 2027 Update)
100% Verified Questions & Answers |
Grade A+
What is acute pain?
sudden onset, usually subsides once treated
What is chronic pain?
can be made much worse by environmental and psychological factors
persists over a long period of time and is resistant to most medical
treatments
What is one of the most prevalent public health epidemics?
Drug overdose deaths
What are the first line pharmacological treatments for chronic pain?
NSAIDs, anticonvulsants, acetaminophen, and muscle relaxants
What are the first line non-pharmacological recommendations for
chronic pain?
Exercise programs, physical therapy, acupuncture, massage, (TENS),
Chiropractic treatment and Biofeedback therapy
What are first line opioid choices for mild pain?
tramadol, codeine, hydrocodone
What are the first line choices for mild to moderate pain?
hydrocodone or oxycodone
What are the first line choices for severe pain?
hydrocodone, oxycodone or morphine
What is a natural opioid?
morphine, codeine
made from poppy plant
What are semi-synthetic opioids?
oxycodone, hydromorphone, oxymorphone
What are the synthetic opioids?
1) phenylpiperidines - meperidine, fentanyl
2) pseudopiperidine - methadone
What are the three opioid receptors?
Mu (μ), Kappa (κ), Delta (δ)
What opioid receptor is responsible for most of the opioid action?
Mu (μ) (1 and 2)
, What is the Mu-1 receptor responsible for?
central interpretation of pain (located outside of the spinal cord)
What is the Mu-2 receptor responsible for?
(Located in CSF)
respiratory depression, spinal analgesia, physical dependence and
euphoria
What are the kappa receptors responsible for?
analgesia, decreased GI motility, sedation
Adverse: anxiety
What is the function of the delta receptor?
little addictive potential, used to minimize Mu 2 side effects
How does Naloxone interact with opioid receptors?
Blocks both Mu and Kappa receptors
How are opioid analgesics absorbed?
Subject to first pass effect when taken orally
Well absorbed from IM, mucosal surfaces, cutaneous
Where are opioids distributed at the highest concentration?
Tissues
Where is the largest opioid reservior?
Skeletal muscle
Where are highly lipophilic opioids concentrated?
adipose tissue (fat)
Where are opioids metabolized?
liver/kidneys
Where are opioids excreted?
kidneys, urine, and bile
What is the mechanism of action for opioids?
Close N-type calcium channels and open calcium dependent
potassium channels to create hyperpolarization and reduction in
neuronal excitability
What is affective pain?
pain within CNS related to emotion
What is sensory pain?
pain intensity
What are CNS opioid pharmacological actions?
Analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, cough
suppression, N/V
What are cardiac opioid pharmacological actions?
Bradycardia, increase in CO2 with respiratory depression
What are GI opioid pharmacological actions?
Constipation, decreased stomach motility
What are genitourinary opioid pharmacological actions?
Depressed renal function
