CSCC BIO 2215 2 FINAL TEST 2026
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Define hypersensitivity.
Answer: an immune response that damages tissue
◍ nomenclature includes.
Answer: genus and species
◍ Define allergen.
Answer: the antigen to which allergic individuals are sensitive
◍ the target of most antifungal drugs.
Answer: ergosterol
◍ Define allergy.
Answer: hypersensitivity reaction due to a normally harmless,
environmental substance
◍ What are the four types of hypersensitivities?.
Answer: Type I: Immediate IgE-mediatedType II: CytotoxicType III:
Immune complex-mediatedType IV: Delayed cell-mediated
◍ What antibody classes and lymphocytes are involved in each type of
hypersensitivity?.
Answer: type I: IgE antibodiestype II: complement system and antibody
dependent cellular toxicitytype III: IgG or IgM antibodiestype IV: T cell
receptors
◍ Type I: what three steps occur upon first exposure to the antigen?.
Answer: 1. B-cell Activation: B cell binds to allergen and is activated by
helper T cell2. Proliferation, class-switching and differentiation: the B cells
, differentiate into IgE-producing plasma cells and memory cells.3.
Sensitization: Fc portions of IgE antibodies bind to mast cell receptors
◍ Type I: what three steps occur upon secondary (or subsequent) exposure?.
Answer: 1. Cross-linking of cell-bound IgE: cross-linking by allergen causes
the mast cell to degranulate.2. Degranulation and release of mediators:
histamine and other mediators are released.3. Allergy symptoms: symptoms
of allergy include sneezing and runny nose.
◍ How does immunotherapy treat Type 1 hypersensitivities and lead to
desensitization?.
Answer: by injecting someone with extremely dilute concentration of
allergen. allergen gradually increased over time and individual gradually
become less sensitive.
◍ How does omalizumab treat Type 1 hypersensitivity?.
Answer: by binding to the Fc portion of IgE, which blocks the attachment to
mast cells and basophils
◍ What are the four main blood types in which antigens are associated with
each blood type?.
Answer: Type A - A antigensType B - B antigens Type AB - A antigens and
B antigensType O - no antigens
◍ How does the Rh factor cause hemolytic disease and pregnant women?.
Answer: the basis of the disease is when there is incompatibility of Rh factor
between the mother and childRh antibodies form in Rh- mothers who are
pregnant with Rh+ fetuses
◍ semmelweis.
Answer: introduced the concept of hand washing
◍ microscopy.
Answer: determines size, shape ,staining
◍ What does RhoGAM do?.
Answer: Destroys fetal Rh+ RBCs that have crossed the placenta
, ◍ kirbybauer test.
Answer: used to test the susceptability of a microorgnism to an antimicrobial
◍ metabolism.
Answer: shapeof colonies, color of colonies, formation of pigments,
metabolism ofnutrients, gas productions, pH requirements and
oxygenrequirements.
◍ The earliest oxygenic phototrophs are thought to be.
Answer: cyanobacteria
◍ enzymes.
Answer: biological catalysts that increase speed of reaction
◍ What are some common causes of Type III hypersensitivities?.
Answer: bacterial, viral, protozoan infections and also from inhaled dust,
bacteria, injected medications.
◍ Explain the process of Type IV hypersensitivities..
Answer: delayed hypersensitivities that are caused by T cell responses that
are slowly developing an antigen specific T cell response
◍ What are some examples of Type IV hypersensitivities?.
Answer: contact dermatitis, tissue damage, positive tuberculosis skin test,
poison ivy
◍ endoenzymes.
Answer: endocellular
◍ cofactor.
Answer: non proteian part of an enzyme
◍ serology.
Answer: uses specific interactions using antibodies and antigens
◍ How does the TB test work?.
Answer: injected right beneath skin, 48-72 hour incubation+ = hard red area,
- = no reaction
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Define hypersensitivity.
Answer: an immune response that damages tissue
◍ nomenclature includes.
Answer: genus and species
◍ Define allergen.
Answer: the antigen to which allergic individuals are sensitive
◍ the target of most antifungal drugs.
Answer: ergosterol
◍ Define allergy.
Answer: hypersensitivity reaction due to a normally harmless,
environmental substance
◍ What are the four types of hypersensitivities?.
Answer: Type I: Immediate IgE-mediatedType II: CytotoxicType III:
Immune complex-mediatedType IV: Delayed cell-mediated
◍ What antibody classes and lymphocytes are involved in each type of
hypersensitivity?.
Answer: type I: IgE antibodiestype II: complement system and antibody
dependent cellular toxicitytype III: IgG or IgM antibodiestype IV: T cell
receptors
◍ Type I: what three steps occur upon first exposure to the antigen?.
Answer: 1. B-cell Activation: B cell binds to allergen and is activated by
helper T cell2. Proliferation, class-switching and differentiation: the B cells
, differentiate into IgE-producing plasma cells and memory cells.3.
Sensitization: Fc portions of IgE antibodies bind to mast cell receptors
◍ Type I: what three steps occur upon secondary (or subsequent) exposure?.
Answer: 1. Cross-linking of cell-bound IgE: cross-linking by allergen causes
the mast cell to degranulate.2. Degranulation and release of mediators:
histamine and other mediators are released.3. Allergy symptoms: symptoms
of allergy include sneezing and runny nose.
◍ How does immunotherapy treat Type 1 hypersensitivities and lead to
desensitization?.
Answer: by injecting someone with extremely dilute concentration of
allergen. allergen gradually increased over time and individual gradually
become less sensitive.
◍ How does omalizumab treat Type 1 hypersensitivity?.
Answer: by binding to the Fc portion of IgE, which blocks the attachment to
mast cells and basophils
◍ What are the four main blood types in which antigens are associated with
each blood type?.
Answer: Type A - A antigensType B - B antigens Type AB - A antigens and
B antigensType O - no antigens
◍ How does the Rh factor cause hemolytic disease and pregnant women?.
Answer: the basis of the disease is when there is incompatibility of Rh factor
between the mother and childRh antibodies form in Rh- mothers who are
pregnant with Rh+ fetuses
◍ semmelweis.
Answer: introduced the concept of hand washing
◍ microscopy.
Answer: determines size, shape ,staining
◍ What does RhoGAM do?.
Answer: Destroys fetal Rh+ RBCs that have crossed the placenta
, ◍ kirbybauer test.
Answer: used to test the susceptability of a microorgnism to an antimicrobial
◍ metabolism.
Answer: shapeof colonies, color of colonies, formation of pigments,
metabolism ofnutrients, gas productions, pH requirements and
oxygenrequirements.
◍ The earliest oxygenic phototrophs are thought to be.
Answer: cyanobacteria
◍ enzymes.
Answer: biological catalysts that increase speed of reaction
◍ What are some common causes of Type III hypersensitivities?.
Answer: bacterial, viral, protozoan infections and also from inhaled dust,
bacteria, injected medications.
◍ Explain the process of Type IV hypersensitivities..
Answer: delayed hypersensitivities that are caused by T cell responses that
are slowly developing an antigen specific T cell response
◍ What are some examples of Type IV hypersensitivities?.
Answer: contact dermatitis, tissue damage, positive tuberculosis skin test,
poison ivy
◍ endoenzymes.
Answer: endocellular
◍ cofactor.
Answer: non proteian part of an enzyme
◍ serology.
Answer: uses specific interactions using antibodies and antigens
◍ How does the TB test work?.
Answer: injected right beneath skin, 48-72 hour incubation+ = hard red area,
- = no reaction
