Final exam study guide PATH 222

Final exam study guide PATH 222

Section 1: Cellular Basis of Disease & Inflammation
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• 1. A patient with a severe bacterial infection develops sepsis. Laboratory findings
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show metabolic acidosis and elevated serum lactate. Which of the following best
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describes the underlying cellular mechanism?
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• A) Increased oxidative phosphorylation
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• B) A shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism
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• C) Enhanced fatty acid oxidation
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• D) Increased gluconeogenesis
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• 2. Which of the following is a characteristic of reversible cellular injury, as oppose
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d to irreversible injury?
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• A) Severe mitochondrial vacuolation
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• B) Membrane blebbing and rupture
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• C) Nuclear pyknosis and karyorrhexis
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• D) Cellular swelling and fatty change
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• 3. A pathologist notes the presence of numerous neutrophils, fibrin, and purulent
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exudate in a tissue sample. This is most characteristic of which type of inflammati
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on?

• A) Serous inflammation
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• B) Fibrinous inflammation
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• C) Suppurative (purulent) inflammation
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• D) Granulomatous inflammation
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• 4. A key function of the inflammatory response is to:
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• A) Promote fibrosis and scar formation
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• B) Isolate and destroy the injurious agent
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• C) Suppress the adaptive immune response
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• D) Decrease vascular permeability to prevent edema
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, • 5. The release of histamine from mast cells during an acute inflammatory respons
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e directly leads to:
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• A) Vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow
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• B) Increased capillary permeability and vasodilation
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• C) Activation of the complement cascade
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• D) Phagocytosis of pathogens
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Section 2: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances
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• 6. A patient is admitted with severe vomiting for 3 days. An arterial blood gas (A
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BG) reveals: pH 7.50, PaCO2 45 mmHg, and HCO3-
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32 mEq/L. What is the primary acid-base disorder?
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• A) Respiratory acidosis
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• B) Respiratory alkalosis
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• C) Metabolic acidosis
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• D) Metabolic alkalosis
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• 7. An elderly patient with heart failure is prescribed a loop diuretic. They present
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with muscle weakness, lethargy, and a serum potassium level of 3.0 mEq/L. This c
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ondition is known as: hg hg hg




• A) Hyperkalemia
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• B) Hypokalemia
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• C) Hypernatremia
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• D) Hyponatremia
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• 8. A patient's ABG shows: pH 7.21, PaCO2 55 mmHg, HCO3-
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24 mEq/L. What is the body's primary compensatory mechanism for this conditio
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n?

• A) Increased respiratory rate to blow off CO2
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• B) Renal retention of bicarbonate
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• C) Renal excretion of bicarbonate
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• D) Hyperventilation
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, • 9. What is the most common cause of hypernatremia?
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• A) Excessive sodium intake
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• B) Water loss exceeding sodium loss (e.g., diabetes insipidus)
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• C) Aldosterone deficiency
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• D) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
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• 10. The primary extracellular cation is:
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• A) Potassium
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• B) Magnesium
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• C) Sodium
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• D) Calcium
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Section 3: Immune System & Hypersensitivity
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• 11. A patient receiving a blood transfusion develops a fever, chills, and hemoglob
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inuria. This is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
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• A) Type I (Anaphylactic)
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• B) Type II (Cytotoxic)
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• C) Type III (Immune Complex)
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• D) Type IV (Cell-Mediated)
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• 12. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a classic example of which type of hyp
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ersensitivity?

• A) Type I
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• B) Type II
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• C) Type III
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• D) Type IV
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• 13. The immune cells primarily responsible for the lysis of virus-infected cells are:
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• A) B lymphocytes
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• B) Plasma cells
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• C) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+)
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, • D) Helper T lymphocytes (CD4+)
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• 14. A patient with a history of severe peanut allergy accidentally ingests peanut b
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utter and develops wheezing, hypotension, and stridor. This life-
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threatening reaction is primarily mediated by: hg hg hg hg hg




• A) IgM and complement
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• B) Immune complexes deposited in tissues
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• C) IgE binding to mast cells
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• D) Sensitized T lymphocytes
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• 15. A positive tuberculin skin test (PPD) is an example of:
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• A) A Type I hypersensitivity reaction
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• B) A Type II hypersensitivity reaction
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• C) A Type III hypersensitivity reaction
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• D) A Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
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Section 4: Cardiovascular System
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• 16. A 55-year-
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old man with a history of hypertension and smoking presents with sudden, severe
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, tearing chest pain that radiates to his back. Blood pressure is significantly differ
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ent between his arms. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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• A) Myocardial infarction
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• B) Pulmonary embolism
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• C) Aortic dissection
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• D) Pericarditis
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• 17. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the formation of a plaque in the intima of
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arteries. A major initiating event is:
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• A) Smooth muscle cell proliferation
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• B) Endothelial injury and dysfunction
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• C) Macrophage apoptosis
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• D) Deposition of calcium
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