PSY 1012 Final Exam Review
Chapter 8: Cognition, Language, and Creativity
1. Identify common barriers to problem solving.
1. Emotional Barriers: Inhibition and fear of making a fool out of oneself
2. Cultural Barriers: values that hold that fantasy is a waste of time; playfulness
is for children only; reason, logic, & numbers are good.
3. Learned Barriers: Conventions about uses, meanings, possibilities, and
taboos
4. Personal Barriers: Habits leading to failure to identify important elements of a
problem (Pg. 276)
Chapter 9: Intelligence
1. Who developed the first intelligence test and for what purpose?
Who: Alfred Binet
Why: Wanted to find a way to distinguish slower students from the more capable.
(pg. 290)
2. Identify average, below average, and gifted intelligence quotients.
Average: 90-109
Below Average: 70 & Below
Gifted: Above 130
3. Briefly describe different types of intellectual disability (retardation).
Mild(55-70), Moderate(40-55), Severe(25-40), Profound(Below 25)
Educational Classification: Educable, Trainable, Dependent, Life-Support
Required Level of Support: Intermediate, Limited, Extensive, Pervasive
4. Identify the causes of intellectual disability.
~30-40% of cases, no known biological problem can be identified.
1.) Familial Intellectual Disability: Occurs mostly in very poor households
Reviewed April 2021
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, where nutrition, intellectual stimulation, medical care & emotional support may be
inadequate
2.) Metabolic Disorders: affect energy production & use in the body.
3.) Genetic Abnormalities: Missing genes, Extra genes, & Defective genes
4.) Malnutrition & Exposure to Lead, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), &
other toxins early in childhood can also cause organic intellectual disability.
5. ) Down Syndrome: extra 21 chromosome. Causes moderate to severe
intellectual disability & a shortened life expectancy of around 49 years.
6.) Fragile X Syndrome: hereditary; the problem is related to a thin fragile
looking area on the x chromosome. Boys are more often affected ( 1 out of
5000).
7.) Phenylketonuria (PKU): plagues children who lack an important enzyme.
This causes phenylpyruvic acid ( a destructive chemical) to collect within their
bodies.
8.) Microcephaly: "small headedness" The microcephalic person suffers a rare
abnormality in which the skull is extremely small or fails to grow.
9.) Hydrocephaly: "Water on the brain" caused by a buildup of cerebrospinal
fluid within brain cavities
10.) Congenital Hypothyroidism: Appears in infancy. Results from an
insufficient supply of thyroid hormone. Iodized salt has made this source of
intellectual disability rare in developed nations.
5. Explain the difference in wisdom and intelligence.
Intelligence reflects development as well as potential, nurture, as well as nature.
Partly determined by heredity.
Wisdom: represents a mixture of convergent thinking, intelligence, and reason;
spiced with creativity & originality
Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
1. What is motivation?
Internal processes that initiate, sustain, direct, & terminate activities
Reviewed April 2021
messages.downloaded_by
Chapter 8: Cognition, Language, and Creativity
1. Identify common barriers to problem solving.
1. Emotional Barriers: Inhibition and fear of making a fool out of oneself
2. Cultural Barriers: values that hold that fantasy is a waste of time; playfulness
is for children only; reason, logic, & numbers are good.
3. Learned Barriers: Conventions about uses, meanings, possibilities, and
taboos
4. Personal Barriers: Habits leading to failure to identify important elements of a
problem (Pg. 276)
Chapter 9: Intelligence
1. Who developed the first intelligence test and for what purpose?
Who: Alfred Binet
Why: Wanted to find a way to distinguish slower students from the more capable.
(pg. 290)
2. Identify average, below average, and gifted intelligence quotients.
Average: 90-109
Below Average: 70 & Below
Gifted: Above 130
3. Briefly describe different types of intellectual disability (retardation).
Mild(55-70), Moderate(40-55), Severe(25-40), Profound(Below 25)
Educational Classification: Educable, Trainable, Dependent, Life-Support
Required Level of Support: Intermediate, Limited, Extensive, Pervasive
4. Identify the causes of intellectual disability.
~30-40% of cases, no known biological problem can be identified.
1.) Familial Intellectual Disability: Occurs mostly in very poor households
Reviewed April 2021
messages.downloaded_by
, where nutrition, intellectual stimulation, medical care & emotional support may be
inadequate
2.) Metabolic Disorders: affect energy production & use in the body.
3.) Genetic Abnormalities: Missing genes, Extra genes, & Defective genes
4.) Malnutrition & Exposure to Lead, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), &
other toxins early in childhood can also cause organic intellectual disability.
5. ) Down Syndrome: extra 21 chromosome. Causes moderate to severe
intellectual disability & a shortened life expectancy of around 49 years.
6.) Fragile X Syndrome: hereditary; the problem is related to a thin fragile
looking area on the x chromosome. Boys are more often affected ( 1 out of
5000).
7.) Phenylketonuria (PKU): plagues children who lack an important enzyme.
This causes phenylpyruvic acid ( a destructive chemical) to collect within their
bodies.
8.) Microcephaly: "small headedness" The microcephalic person suffers a rare
abnormality in which the skull is extremely small or fails to grow.
9.) Hydrocephaly: "Water on the brain" caused by a buildup of cerebrospinal
fluid within brain cavities
10.) Congenital Hypothyroidism: Appears in infancy. Results from an
insufficient supply of thyroid hormone. Iodized salt has made this source of
intellectual disability rare in developed nations.
5. Explain the difference in wisdom and intelligence.
Intelligence reflects development as well as potential, nurture, as well as nature.
Partly determined by heredity.
Wisdom: represents a mixture of convergent thinking, intelligence, and reason;
spiced with creativity & originality
Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
1. What is motivation?
Internal processes that initiate, sustain, direct, & terminate activities
Reviewed April 2021
messages.downloaded_by
