Hondros BIO 117 Final Exam 2026/2027 | 250+ Questions & Correct Answers | A&P, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Endocrine, Nervous, Reproductive & Hematology | Hondros College of Nursing

This Hondros BIO 117 Final Exam 2026/2027 study guide contains 250+ question-and-answer review items across 40 pages, providing an extensive review of the biology, anatomy, and physiology concepts represented in the uploaded material. The document covers cardiovascular and respiratory physiology, fetal circulation, renal function, digestion, fluid and electrolyte balance, cell biology, chemistry, skeletal and muscular systems, nervous system, special senses, endocrine regulation, reproduction, blood, immunity, and hematology. Its direct question-and-answer structure makes it suitable for final-exam revision, active recall, and rapid review of BIO 117 terminology and physiological processes. The cardiovascular and respiratory sections cover fetal circulation through the foramen ovale, ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus, umbilical arteries, and umbilical vein. Cardiovascular review includes atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization, P waves, QRS complexes, T waves, SA and AV nodes, the cardiac conduction pathway, heart valves, heart sounds, stroke volume, cardiac output, systemic and pulmonary circulation, and factors affecting heart rate. Respiratory topics include vital capacity, total lung capacity, residual volume, tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes, alveoli, diaphragm and phrenic nerve function, bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction, intrapleural pressure, inhalation, and exhalation. The guide provides substantial coverage of the renal, digestive, fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base systems. Students review aldosterone, renin, ADH, erythropoietin, glomerular filtration, ureters, urethra, sodium and potassium abnormalities, hydrogen ions, bicarbonate, intracellular and extracellular fluids, and osmotic pressure. Digestive concepts include peristalsis, mechanical versus chemical digestion, the esophageal and pyloric sphincters, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, liver, gallbladder, bile, amylase, lipase, trypsin, carbohydrates, proteins, and fat- and water-soluble vitamins. A broad cell biology and foundational science section reviews anatomy versus physiology, levels of biological organization, homeostasis, matter, atoms, molecules, compounds, solutions, solvents and solutes, ionic and covalent bonds, cations and anions, phospholipids, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP, ribosomes, mitochondria, nucleotides, and amino acids. Cellular transport is covered through diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis, while cell reproduction includes mitosis, meiosis, and chromosome numbers. The nervous system and special senses material addresses the CNS and PNS, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, afferent and efferent pathways, depolarization and repolarization, neurons, axons, dendrites, myelin, gray and white matter, and sensory receptors. Brain structures include the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, hypothalamus, thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Special-sense topics include rods, cones, photoreceptors, the optic disc, macula lutea, glaucoma, pupil constriction and dilation, cochlear hearing receptors, tympanic membrane, and equilibrium. The skeletal and muscular systems section reviews long, short, flat and irregular bones; diaphysis and epiphyses; osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts; ossification; red bone marrow; vertebral anatomy; joints and articulations; synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis; synovial fluid; tendons and ligaments; skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle; sarcomeres; flexion and extension; and major muscles including the masseter, biceps brachii and triceps brachii. Another high-value section focuses on the endocrine system and hormonal regulation. The document reviews cortisol, ACTH, glucagon, insulin, prolactin, FSH, LH, TSH, thyroid hormones, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, ADH, aldosterone and oxytocin. It also examines endocrine feedback and disorders including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Addison disease and Cushing syndrome, along with steroid versus non-steroid hormone receptor locations and hormonal regulation of glucose, calcium, water and electrolytes. The male and female reproductive sections cover meiosis, gonads, testes, ovaries, sperm production, the acrosome, testosterone production, genital duct pathways, erection, emission and ejaculation, and the roles of FSH and LH. Female reproductive concepts include the fallopian tubes, fertilization, uterus, cervix, endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium, ovulation, ovarian follicles, estrogen, progesterone and hormonal regulation of pregnancy and labor. The final portion provides concentrated review of blood, immunity and hematology. Topics include albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, red blood cells, hemoglobin, erythropoietin, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, B lymphocytes, platelets, heparin, antigens, ABO blood groups, Rh incompatibility, erythroblastosis fetalis, aplastic anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, pathogens, phagocytes, and myeloid versus lymphoid hemopoiesis. Relevant students: This resource is particularly relevant for Hondros College of Nursing BIO 117 students, practical nursing students, associate degree nursing students, nursing prerequisite students, anatomy and physiology students, human biology students, and learners preparing for comprehensive examinations covering body systems, cell biology, endocrine physiology, reproduction, hematology, and homeostasis. Source and accuracy note: The uploaded document identifies itself as Hondros BIO 117 Final Exam 2026/2027 Exam Questions and Answers. The content above summarizes the uploaded study resource and preserves its terminology; individual answers have not been independently corrected or replaced with outside material. 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