Hondros BIO 117 Final Exam 2026/2027 | 70+ Questions & Correct Answers | Anatomy, Physiology, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Respiratory & Renal Systems | Hondros College of Nursing

This Hondros BIO 117 Final Exam 2026/2027 study guide contains 70+ exam-style questions and answers across 9 pages, providing a concentrated review of biology, anatomy, and human physiology concepts presented in the uploaded material. Major topics include osmosis and diffusion, cardiovascular physiology, endocrine hormones, respiratory physiology, nervous system function, renal physiology, digestion, immunity, blood and hematology, acid-base balance, reproductive physiology, and basic biochemistry. The question-and-answer format is designed for rapid recall and final-exam review. The cardiovascular and hematology section reviews the first and second heart sounds, cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume, heart valves, pulmonary circulation, blood pressure, plasma proteins, red blood cells, platelets, basophils, hemoglobin, blood groups, and ABO/Rh antigens. Students review the relationship between the QRS complex and ventricular activity, the role of the pulmonary vein in transporting oxygenated blood, and the aorta as the major vessel carrying oxygenated blood into systemic circulation. The endocrine system is another major focus. Questions address growth hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), insulin, aldosterone, calcitonin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), oxytocin, cortisol, and erythropoietin. The material connects these hormones with functions such as growth, lactation, reproduction, glucose regulation, sodium and water balance, calcium homeostasis, red blood cell production, thyroid activity, adrenal function, and uterine contraction. The guide also provides targeted coverage of the respiratory system and acid-base physiology. Students review the laryngopharynx, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, pulmonary circulation, oxygen transport, metabolic alkalosis compensation, normal blood pH, acidosis, carbon dioxide transport, and respiratory control by the medulla oblongata. Questions connect hypoventilation with compensation for metabolic alkalosis and identify the alveoli as the primary location for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. The nervous system and homeostasis content includes the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, hypothalamus, sensory neurons, autonomic nervous system, sympathetic responses, and cranial nerve X. The material emphasizes the hypothalamus in maintaining homeostasis, the cerebellum in coordinating motor activity, and the medulla in cardiovascular and respiratory regulation. It also identifies the vagus nerve as a major parasympathetic cranial nerve and reviews sympathetic effects such as pupil and bronchiole dilation. Digestive and metabolic concepts include bile, gallbladder function, pepsin, trypsin, salivary amylase, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, glucose, and water- versus fat-soluble vitamins. The document reviews carbohydrates as a major fuel source and distinguishes vitamins C and B as water-soluble from vitamins A, D, E, and K as fat-soluble. Renal concepts include tubular reabsorption, ADH-mediated water retention, and aldosterone-associated sodium reabsorption. Additional questions cover immunity, tissues, fluid balance, reproduction and musculoskeletal anatomy. Topics include lymphocytes, passive immunity through breastfeeding, phagocytosis, extracellular fluids, edema, smooth muscle, tendons and ligaments, fertilization in the fallopian tube, ejaculatory ducts, and female and male reproductive hormone functions. Together, these subjects provide broad review of the interconnected organ-system concepts represented in BIO 117. Relevant students: This resource is particularly relevant for Hondros College of Nursing BIO 117 students, nursing students preparing for a BIO 117 final exam, practical nursing students, associate degree nursing students, anatomy and physiology students, introductory human biology students, and learners reviewing cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, renal, digestive, nervous, reproductive and immune system physiology. Source and accuracy note: The uploaded document identifies the course as Hondros BIO 117 and labels the material as a 2026/2027 Final Exam study resource. The descriptions above preserve the terminology and answers supplied by the document; they do not independently validate each clinical or biological statement. 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