AQA Chemistry Paper 1
What are atoms? Atoms are the particles that make up everything
What is an element? An element is a substance in which all the atoms are the same
Where are elements shown? Elements are shown in the Periodic table
How many elements are there? There are around 118 elements
What is a compound? A compound is a substance that contain two or more elements chemically combined
Describe the properties of compounds The properties of compounds are usually different to the elements that they are
made from
What is a mixture? A mixture is a substance with different elements or compounds not chemically
combined
Give an example of a mixture An example of a mixture is sand and water as they are not chemically combined
and can be separated by physical means
What is a molecule? A molecule is a substance that has any elements chemically joined
What does a chemical formula tell you about a molecule? A chemical formula tells the elements in a molecule and the number of atoms of
each element
How is a chemical formula presented? Each element symbol starts with a capital letter, if there is a second letter it is in
lower case
Give an example of a chemical formula
What are state symbols? State symbols show the physical state of the substance solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g),
or dissolved in water (aq)
Name three properties of Metals -Strong
-Good conductors of heat and electricity
-High melting and boiling points
, AQA Chemistry Paper 1
Name three properties of Non-Metals -Weak
-Bad conductors of heat and electricity
-Low melting and boiling points
State the four different ways of separating mixtures Four different ways of separating mixtures are filtration, crystallisation, distillation or
chromatography
Describe the process of filtration Pour your mixture onto the filter paper, the liquid simply passes through the filter
paper into the flask. The insoluble solid cannot pass through and so it stays on the
paper
Describe the process of crystallisation Use the method of filtration to filter off any excess soluble solid. Evaporate the
mixture then transfer the hot mixture onto a dish. Crystals are formed when the
mixture has cooled
Describe the process of simple distillation First we evaporate the mixture by heating it, the dissolved solid then vaporises.
These vapours condense in the condenser, the dissolved solid then flows into the
beaker and liquid stays in the flask
Describe the process of chromatography Take a strip of filter paper and draw a line on the bottom of the paper. Put a small
drop of ink on the line, take a jar full of water up to the line and put the filter paper
in. As the water moves up we see different colours on the paper these are the dyes
in the ink
What were the early ideas of the structure of atoms? Early ideas of the structure of atoms stated that they are tiny spheres that cannot be
divided
What is the plum pudding model? The plum pudding model is what scientists suggested is the structure of atoms is
after the discovery of the electron
Describe the plum pudding model The plum pudding model suggested that an atom is a ball of positive charge with
negative electrons in embedded in it
Describe how Rutherford carried out the gold foil Rutherford took a piece of gold foil, he then fired tiny positive alpha particles at the
experiment gold foil
What did Rutherford observe in the experiment? Rutherford observed that most of the particles when straight through the gold foil
and sometimes the alpha particles bounce back of the gold foil
What did Rutherford discover from these observations? Rutherford discovered that atoms are mainly empty space as most of the alpha
particles went straight through the gold atoms and that the nucleus of the atom is
very small as only a small number of alpha particles bounce back
Describe the structure of the nuclear model The nuclear model states that most of an atom is empty space, in the centre is the
nucleus which contains protons and neutrons around the edge we find electrons
What is the Relative mass and the relative charge of
protons, neutrons and electrons?
, AQA Chemistry Paper 1
Why do atoms have the same number of protons as Because atoms have have no overall charge
electrons?
What is an Ion? An ion is a charged particle, it is possible to get positive or negative ions
What is an Isotope? Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes
What is the mass number of an element? The mass number is the number on the top of an element it is the number of proton
and neutrons combined
What is the atomic number of an element? The atomic number is the number on the bottom it is number of protons in an atom,
which is the same as the number of electrons
How many electrons can you fit in the first, second and Shell 1 : 2 electrons
third shells? Shell 2 : 8 electrons
Shell 3 : 8 electrons
What is an Electronic structure? A set of number to show the arrangement of electrons in their shells, eg. [2,6]
C2 The periodic table
What did John Newlands periodic table look like? He arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, he saw that every
eighth element reacted in a similar way
What did Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic table look like? He arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, he switched the order
of some elements to the fitted in the patterns of other elements. He left gaps for
undiscovered elements
What does the modern periodic table look like? Elements are arranged in order of atomic number, the elements are organised in
groups and periods which have the similar properties
Why are elements in the periodic table grouped the way Elements with similar chemical properties are grouped together in groups
they are?
Why do elements in a group have similar chemical Elements in a group have similar chemical properties because they all have the
properties? same number of electrons in their outer energy level therefore react similarly
What are the names of group 1, 2, 7 and 0? Group 1: alkali metals
Group 2: alkaline earth metals
Group 7: halogens
Group 0: noble gases
What are atoms? Atoms are the particles that make up everything
What is an element? An element is a substance in which all the atoms are the same
Where are elements shown? Elements are shown in the Periodic table
How many elements are there? There are around 118 elements
What is a compound? A compound is a substance that contain two or more elements chemically combined
Describe the properties of compounds The properties of compounds are usually different to the elements that they are
made from
What is a mixture? A mixture is a substance with different elements or compounds not chemically
combined
Give an example of a mixture An example of a mixture is sand and water as they are not chemically combined
and can be separated by physical means
What is a molecule? A molecule is a substance that has any elements chemically joined
What does a chemical formula tell you about a molecule? A chemical formula tells the elements in a molecule and the number of atoms of
each element
How is a chemical formula presented? Each element symbol starts with a capital letter, if there is a second letter it is in
lower case
Give an example of a chemical formula
What are state symbols? State symbols show the physical state of the substance solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g),
or dissolved in water (aq)
Name three properties of Metals -Strong
-Good conductors of heat and electricity
-High melting and boiling points
, AQA Chemistry Paper 1
Name three properties of Non-Metals -Weak
-Bad conductors of heat and electricity
-Low melting and boiling points
State the four different ways of separating mixtures Four different ways of separating mixtures are filtration, crystallisation, distillation or
chromatography
Describe the process of filtration Pour your mixture onto the filter paper, the liquid simply passes through the filter
paper into the flask. The insoluble solid cannot pass through and so it stays on the
paper
Describe the process of crystallisation Use the method of filtration to filter off any excess soluble solid. Evaporate the
mixture then transfer the hot mixture onto a dish. Crystals are formed when the
mixture has cooled
Describe the process of simple distillation First we evaporate the mixture by heating it, the dissolved solid then vaporises.
These vapours condense in the condenser, the dissolved solid then flows into the
beaker and liquid stays in the flask
Describe the process of chromatography Take a strip of filter paper and draw a line on the bottom of the paper. Put a small
drop of ink on the line, take a jar full of water up to the line and put the filter paper
in. As the water moves up we see different colours on the paper these are the dyes
in the ink
What were the early ideas of the structure of atoms? Early ideas of the structure of atoms stated that they are tiny spheres that cannot be
divided
What is the plum pudding model? The plum pudding model is what scientists suggested is the structure of atoms is
after the discovery of the electron
Describe the plum pudding model The plum pudding model suggested that an atom is a ball of positive charge with
negative electrons in embedded in it
Describe how Rutherford carried out the gold foil Rutherford took a piece of gold foil, he then fired tiny positive alpha particles at the
experiment gold foil
What did Rutherford observe in the experiment? Rutherford observed that most of the particles when straight through the gold foil
and sometimes the alpha particles bounce back of the gold foil
What did Rutherford discover from these observations? Rutherford discovered that atoms are mainly empty space as most of the alpha
particles went straight through the gold atoms and that the nucleus of the atom is
very small as only a small number of alpha particles bounce back
Describe the structure of the nuclear model The nuclear model states that most of an atom is empty space, in the centre is the
nucleus which contains protons and neutrons around the edge we find electrons
What is the Relative mass and the relative charge of
protons, neutrons and electrons?
, AQA Chemistry Paper 1
Why do atoms have the same number of protons as Because atoms have have no overall charge
electrons?
What is an Ion? An ion is a charged particle, it is possible to get positive or negative ions
What is an Isotope? Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes
What is the mass number of an element? The mass number is the number on the top of an element it is the number of proton
and neutrons combined
What is the atomic number of an element? The atomic number is the number on the bottom it is number of protons in an atom,
which is the same as the number of electrons
How many electrons can you fit in the first, second and Shell 1 : 2 electrons
third shells? Shell 2 : 8 electrons
Shell 3 : 8 electrons
What is an Electronic structure? A set of number to show the arrangement of electrons in their shells, eg. [2,6]
C2 The periodic table
What did John Newlands periodic table look like? He arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, he saw that every
eighth element reacted in a similar way
What did Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic table look like? He arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, he switched the order
of some elements to the fitted in the patterns of other elements. He left gaps for
undiscovered elements
What does the modern periodic table look like? Elements are arranged in order of atomic number, the elements are organised in
groups and periods which have the similar properties
Why are elements in the periodic table grouped the way Elements with similar chemical properties are grouped together in groups
they are?
Why do elements in a group have similar chemical Elements in a group have similar chemical properties because they all have the
properties? same number of electrons in their outer energy level therefore react similarly
What are the names of group 1, 2, 7 and 0? Group 1: alkali metals
Group 2: alkaline earth metals
Group 7: halogens
Group 0: noble gases
