BIO-181 General Biology I |Molecular and
Cellular Biology Exam 2 -Solved -GCU
Catabolism - ANSWER-Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing
energy.
Anabolism - ANSWER-Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring
energy.
1st law of thermodynamics - ANSWER-The principle of conservation of energy.
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
2nd law of thermodynamics - ANSWER-Every energy transfer or transformation
increases the entropy of the universe.
Entropy - ANSWER-A measure of disorder or randomness.
Free energy coupling and ATP - ANSWER-Free energy converts ATP to ADP.
Potential energy - ANSWER-stored energy
Kinetic energy - ANSWER-energy of motion
Endorgonic - ANSWER-a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings
EX: Photosynthesis
Exorgonic - ANSWER-a reaction that releases free energy to its surroundings EX:
Repiration
Aerobic respiration - ANSWER-Respiration that requires oxygen
Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) - ANSWER-Process by which cells release
energy in the absence of oxygen
Role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration - ANSWER-removal of hydrogen
atoms by redox coenzymes FAD becomes FADH2 and NAD+ becomes NADH
Activation energy - ANSWER-Energy needed to get a reaction started
Enzymes - ANSWER-Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
Active site - ANSWER-A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other
substance during a reaction.
Induced fit hypothesis - ANSWER-Partial binding of a substrate to an enzyme alters
the structure of the enzyme.
, Competitive inhibition - ANSWER-substance that resembles the normal substrate
competes with the substrate for the active site
Non-competitive inhibitor - ANSWER-A substance that reduces the activity of an
enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its
conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.
Feedback inhibition - ANSWER-End product of a metabolic pathway acts as an
inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
Cooperativity - ANSWER-Shape of enzyme is altered by the substrate .
substrate specificity - ANSWER-Ability of an enzyme to discriminate between very
similar molecules
The effects of a catalyst - ANSWER-
What is oxidized in C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (also the reducing
agent) - ANSWER-C6H12O6
What is reduced in C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (also the oxidizing
agent) - ANSWER-6 O2
Glycolysis investment phase - ANSWER--2 phosphate groups added
-glucose split to two 3-carbon molecules
Glycolysis payoff phase - ANSWER-Oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate to pyruvate and the coupled formation of ATP and NADH
Yield of glycolysis - ANSWER-2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Role of NAD+ - ANSWER-Acts as an electron carrier
Role of O2 in cellular respiration - ANSWER-The electrons from NADH and FADH are
eventually accepted by this molecule
Oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWER-The production of ATP using energy derived
from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of
cellular respiration.
Substrate-level phosphorylation - ANSWER-The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP
by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in
catabolism.
Chemiosmotic theory - ANSWER-A model to explain the synthesis of ATP. The
theory proposes that the energy for ATP synthesis originates from the
electrochemical gradient of protons across a membrane
Cellular Biology Exam 2 -Solved -GCU
Catabolism - ANSWER-Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing
energy.
Anabolism - ANSWER-Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring
energy.
1st law of thermodynamics - ANSWER-The principle of conservation of energy.
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
2nd law of thermodynamics - ANSWER-Every energy transfer or transformation
increases the entropy of the universe.
Entropy - ANSWER-A measure of disorder or randomness.
Free energy coupling and ATP - ANSWER-Free energy converts ATP to ADP.
Potential energy - ANSWER-stored energy
Kinetic energy - ANSWER-energy of motion
Endorgonic - ANSWER-a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings
EX: Photosynthesis
Exorgonic - ANSWER-a reaction that releases free energy to its surroundings EX:
Repiration
Aerobic respiration - ANSWER-Respiration that requires oxygen
Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) - ANSWER-Process by which cells release
energy in the absence of oxygen
Role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration - ANSWER-removal of hydrogen
atoms by redox coenzymes FAD becomes FADH2 and NAD+ becomes NADH
Activation energy - ANSWER-Energy needed to get a reaction started
Enzymes - ANSWER-Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
Active site - ANSWER-A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other
substance during a reaction.
Induced fit hypothesis - ANSWER-Partial binding of a substrate to an enzyme alters
the structure of the enzyme.
, Competitive inhibition - ANSWER-substance that resembles the normal substrate
competes with the substrate for the active site
Non-competitive inhibitor - ANSWER-A substance that reduces the activity of an
enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its
conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.
Feedback inhibition - ANSWER-End product of a metabolic pathway acts as an
inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
Cooperativity - ANSWER-Shape of enzyme is altered by the substrate .
substrate specificity - ANSWER-Ability of an enzyme to discriminate between very
similar molecules
The effects of a catalyst - ANSWER-
What is oxidized in C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (also the reducing
agent) - ANSWER-C6H12O6
What is reduced in C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (also the oxidizing
agent) - ANSWER-6 O2
Glycolysis investment phase - ANSWER--2 phosphate groups added
-glucose split to two 3-carbon molecules
Glycolysis payoff phase - ANSWER-Oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate to pyruvate and the coupled formation of ATP and NADH
Yield of glycolysis - ANSWER-2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Role of NAD+ - ANSWER-Acts as an electron carrier
Role of O2 in cellular respiration - ANSWER-The electrons from NADH and FADH are
eventually accepted by this molecule
Oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWER-The production of ATP using energy derived
from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of
cellular respiration.
Substrate-level phosphorylation - ANSWER-The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP
by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in
catabolism.
Chemiosmotic theory - ANSWER-A model to explain the synthesis of ATP. The
theory proposes that the energy for ATP synthesis originates from the
electrochemical gradient of protons across a membrane
