NSG 5140 WEEK 3 EXAM: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
1. Which mechanism best describes the action of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
A. IgE binds to mast cells, triggering histamine release
B. Sensitized T-lymphocytes release cytokines that activate macrophages
C. Immune complexes circulate and deposit in vessel walls, causing inflammation
D. Antibodies react with antigens on the cell surface, leading to complement activation or
phagocytosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Type II hypersensitivity involves tissue-specific reactions where
antibodies (IgG or IgM) bind to antigens on the surface of specific cells or tissues.
2. In the context of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the primary
stimulus for the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells?
A. Increased plasma osmolarity
B. Increased blood pressure in the afferent arteriole
,C. Parasympathetic nervous system activation
D. Decreased renal perfusion pressure
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Renin is released in response to decreased blood pressure or
decreased sodium delivery to the macula densa, signifying low renal perfusion.
3. Which of the following represents a characteristic finding in patients with Macrocytic-
Normochromic anemia?
A. Increased MCV and increased MCHC
B. Decreased MCV and decreased MCHC
C. Normal MCV and decreased MCHC
D. Increased Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) with normal Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Concentration (MCHC)
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Macrocytic indicates large cells (high MCV), and normochromic
indicates normal hemoglobin concentration per cell (normal MCHC).
4. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is characterized by which paradoxical clinical
state?
A. Isolated thrombocytopenia without clotting factor depletion
B. Excessive clot formation followed by massive hemorrhage
, C. Chronic hypertension leading to vessel rupture
D. Primary fibrinolysis without initial coagulation
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: DIC involves widespread activation of coagulation that
consumes clotting factors and platelets, leading to subsequent systemic bleeding.
5. In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, the destruction of pancreatic beta cells is primarily mediated
by which process?
A. Bacterial infection of the islets of Langerhans
B. Excessive glucagon secretion
C. Autoimmune T-cell mediated destruction
D. Hypertrophy of alpha cells
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type 1 DM is an autoimmune disease where T-lymphocytes
attack and destroy insulin-producing beta cells.
6. Which hemodynamic change is most typical of early distributive (septic) shock?
A. Increased Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
B. Decreased Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
C. Decreased Cardiac Output (CO)
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
1. Which mechanism best describes the action of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
A. IgE binds to mast cells, triggering histamine release
B. Sensitized T-lymphocytes release cytokines that activate macrophages
C. Immune complexes circulate and deposit in vessel walls, causing inflammation
D. Antibodies react with antigens on the cell surface, leading to complement activation or
phagocytosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Type II hypersensitivity involves tissue-specific reactions where
antibodies (IgG or IgM) bind to antigens on the surface of specific cells or tissues.
2. In the context of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the primary
stimulus for the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells?
A. Increased plasma osmolarity
B. Increased blood pressure in the afferent arteriole
,C. Parasympathetic nervous system activation
D. Decreased renal perfusion pressure
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Renin is released in response to decreased blood pressure or
decreased sodium delivery to the macula densa, signifying low renal perfusion.
3. Which of the following represents a characteristic finding in patients with Macrocytic-
Normochromic anemia?
A. Increased MCV and increased MCHC
B. Decreased MCV and decreased MCHC
C. Normal MCV and decreased MCHC
D. Increased Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) with normal Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Concentration (MCHC)
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Macrocytic indicates large cells (high MCV), and normochromic
indicates normal hemoglobin concentration per cell (normal MCHC).
4. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is characterized by which paradoxical clinical
state?
A. Isolated thrombocytopenia without clotting factor depletion
B. Excessive clot formation followed by massive hemorrhage
, C. Chronic hypertension leading to vessel rupture
D. Primary fibrinolysis without initial coagulation
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: DIC involves widespread activation of coagulation that
consumes clotting factors and platelets, leading to subsequent systemic bleeding.
5. In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, the destruction of pancreatic beta cells is primarily mediated
by which process?
A. Bacterial infection of the islets of Langerhans
B. Excessive glucagon secretion
C. Autoimmune T-cell mediated destruction
D. Hypertrophy of alpha cells
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type 1 DM is an autoimmune disease where T-lymphocytes
attack and destroy insulin-producing beta cells.
6. Which hemodynamic change is most typical of early distributive (septic) shock?
A. Increased Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
B. Decreased Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
C. Decreased Cardiac Output (CO)
