NSG 5140 WEEK 6 FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is directly
responsible for potent vasoconstriction and the stimulation of aldosterone release?
A. Renin
B. Angiotensin I
C. Angiotensin II
D. Angiotensinogen
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Angiotensin II is the primary effector molecule of the RAAS,
causing potent systemic vasoconstriction and stimulating the adrenal cortex to release
aldosterone.
2. In the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease, what is the primary composition of
neurofibrillary tangles?
A. Hyperphosphorylated tau proteins
B. Amyloid-beta plaques
C. Alpha-synuclein aggregates
,D. Glutamate receptors
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Neurofibrillary tangles are intracellular accumulations of
hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, whereas amyloid-beta makes up extracellular plaques.
3. A patient presents with acute kidney injury (AKI) due to severe dehydration. This would be
classified as which type of AKI?
A. Postrenal
B. Intrarenal
C. Prerenal
D. Intrinsic
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Prerenal AKI is caused by decreased renal perfusion often due to
volume depletion, such as dehydration or hemorrhage, without initial damage to the kidney
parenchyma.
4. Which clinical marker is the most sensitive indicator of early diabetic nephropathy?
A. Microalbuminuria
B. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
C. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
D. Serum creatinine
, Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Microalbuminuria is the earliest clinical sign of diabetic
nephropathy, indicating glomerular damage before significant changes in GFR or creatinine
occur.
5. A Type I hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by which isotype of
immunoglobulin?
A. IgE
B. IgM
C. IgG
D. IgA
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies binding to mast
cells, leading to degranulation and the release of histamine upon allergen exposure.
6. Which phase of the cell cycle is most commonly associated with DNA replication?
A. S phase
B. G1 phase
C. G2 phase
D. M phase
Answer: A
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is directly
responsible for potent vasoconstriction and the stimulation of aldosterone release?
A. Renin
B. Angiotensin I
C. Angiotensin II
D. Angiotensinogen
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Angiotensin II is the primary effector molecule of the RAAS,
causing potent systemic vasoconstriction and stimulating the adrenal cortex to release
aldosterone.
2. In the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease, what is the primary composition of
neurofibrillary tangles?
A. Hyperphosphorylated tau proteins
B. Amyloid-beta plaques
C. Alpha-synuclein aggregates
,D. Glutamate receptors
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Neurofibrillary tangles are intracellular accumulations of
hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, whereas amyloid-beta makes up extracellular plaques.
3. A patient presents with acute kidney injury (AKI) due to severe dehydration. This would be
classified as which type of AKI?
A. Postrenal
B. Intrarenal
C. Prerenal
D. Intrinsic
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Prerenal AKI is caused by decreased renal perfusion often due to
volume depletion, such as dehydration or hemorrhage, without initial damage to the kidney
parenchyma.
4. Which clinical marker is the most sensitive indicator of early diabetic nephropathy?
A. Microalbuminuria
B. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
C. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
D. Serum creatinine
, Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Microalbuminuria is the earliest clinical sign of diabetic
nephropathy, indicating glomerular damage before significant changes in GFR or creatinine
occur.
5. A Type I hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by which isotype of
immunoglobulin?
A. IgE
B. IgM
C. IgG
D. IgA
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies binding to mast
cells, leading to degranulation and the release of histamine upon allergen exposure.
6. Which phase of the cell cycle is most commonly associated with DNA replication?
A. S phase
B. G1 phase
C. G2 phase
D. M phase
Answer: A
