NSG 5140 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WEEK 1 FINAL
EXAM
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often in response to chronic irritation?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another less mature or different cell type to better withstand adverse environments,
such as Barrett’s esophagus.
2. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury resulting from hypoxia?
A. Activation of lysosomal enzymes
B. Decreased intracellular calcium
C. Increased protein synthesis
,D. Decrease in ATP production
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to a failure of oxidative phosphorylation, which
decreases the production of ATP, subsequently causing the failure of the sodium-potassium
pump.
3. A 50-year-old male with chronic alcohol abuse presents with liver biopsy results showing
abnormal accumulation of lipids. This process is known as:
A. Calcification
B. Hypertrophy
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fatty change (Steatosis)
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Steatosis is the abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within
parenchymal cells, common in the liver due to alcohol interfering with lipid metabolism.
4. Which type of necrosis is typically found in the brain following an ischemic stroke?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Fat necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Liquefactive necrosis
, Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in neurons and glial cells of the
brain because of the high lipid and water content and the release of hydrolytic enzymes.
5. Programmed cell death that does not elicit an inflammatory response is termed:
A. Apoptosis
B. Autophagy
C. Necrosis
D. Infarction
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction that
results in the tidying up of cell fragments without inducing inflammation.
6. In genetics, a mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides
not divisible by three is called a:
A. Missense mutation
B. Frameshift mutation
C. Nonsense mutation
D. Silent mutation
Answer: B
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WEEK 1 FINAL
EXAM
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often in response to chronic irritation?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another less mature or different cell type to better withstand adverse environments,
such as Barrett’s esophagus.
2. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury resulting from hypoxia?
A. Activation of lysosomal enzymes
B. Decreased intracellular calcium
C. Increased protein synthesis
,D. Decrease in ATP production
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to a failure of oxidative phosphorylation, which
decreases the production of ATP, subsequently causing the failure of the sodium-potassium
pump.
3. A 50-year-old male with chronic alcohol abuse presents with liver biopsy results showing
abnormal accumulation of lipids. This process is known as:
A. Calcification
B. Hypertrophy
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fatty change (Steatosis)
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Steatosis is the abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within
parenchymal cells, common in the liver due to alcohol interfering with lipid metabolism.
4. Which type of necrosis is typically found in the brain following an ischemic stroke?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Fat necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Liquefactive necrosis
, Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in neurons and glial cells of the
brain because of the high lipid and water content and the release of hydrolytic enzymes.
5. Programmed cell death that does not elicit an inflammatory response is termed:
A. Apoptosis
B. Autophagy
C. Necrosis
D. Infarction
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction that
results in the tidying up of cell fragments without inducing inflammation.
6. In genetics, a mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides
not divisible by three is called a:
A. Missense mutation
B. Frameshift mutation
C. Nonsense mutation
D. Silent mutation
Answer: B
