NSG 5140 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WEEK 8 FINAL
EXAM
1. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the development of pulmonary edema in a
patient with left-sided heart failure?
A. Increased systemic vascular resistance
B. Decreased pulmonary capillary oncotic pressure
C. Increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
D. Decreased alveolar surface tension
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: In left-sided heart failure, the left ventricle fails to pump blood
effectively, causing blood to back up into the pulmonary circulation. This increases the
hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries, forcing fluid into the interstitial space
and alveoli.
2. In the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which cell type is responsible for the formation of
foam cells after ingesting oxidized LDL?
A. Endothelial cells
,B. Smooth muscle cells
C. Macrophages
D. Neutrophils
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Macrophages ingest oxidized LDL through scavenger receptors.
When they become overloaded with lipids, they transform into foam cells, which are the
hallmark of early atherosclerotic lesions (fatty streaks).
3. A patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) develops secondary hyperparathyroidism.
What is the initiating event in this process?
A. Increased activation of Vitamin D
B. Excessive calcium intake
C. Phosphate retention and hypocalcemia
D. Adrenal gland hyperplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: In CKD, the kidneys fail to excrete phosphate. Elevated
phosphate levels bind to ionized calcium, leading to hypocalcemia. Additionally, decreased
Vitamin D activation reduces calcium absorption. Both stimulate the parathyroid glands to
secrete PTH.
, 4. Which pathophysiological process occurs in the lungs of a patient with Acute Respiratory
Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
A. Damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane
B. Increased surfactant production
C. Chronic inflammation of the bronchioles
D. Decreased capillary permeability
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: ARDS is characterized by diffuse alveolar damage and increased
capillary permeability, leading to the leakage of protein-rich fluid into the alveoli, causing
severe hypoxemia.
5. In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, what is the primary cause of hyperinsulinemia during the early
stages of the disease?
A. Autoimmune destruction of Beta cells
B. Absolute insulin deficiency
C. Glucagon deficiency
D. Insulin resistance at the cellular level
Answer: D
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WEEK 8 FINAL
EXAM
1. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the development of pulmonary edema in a
patient with left-sided heart failure?
A. Increased systemic vascular resistance
B. Decreased pulmonary capillary oncotic pressure
C. Increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
D. Decreased alveolar surface tension
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: In left-sided heart failure, the left ventricle fails to pump blood
effectively, causing blood to back up into the pulmonary circulation. This increases the
hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries, forcing fluid into the interstitial space
and alveoli.
2. In the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which cell type is responsible for the formation of
foam cells after ingesting oxidized LDL?
A. Endothelial cells
,B. Smooth muscle cells
C. Macrophages
D. Neutrophils
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Macrophages ingest oxidized LDL through scavenger receptors.
When they become overloaded with lipids, they transform into foam cells, which are the
hallmark of early atherosclerotic lesions (fatty streaks).
3. A patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) develops secondary hyperparathyroidism.
What is the initiating event in this process?
A. Increased activation of Vitamin D
B. Excessive calcium intake
C. Phosphate retention and hypocalcemia
D. Adrenal gland hyperplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: In CKD, the kidneys fail to excrete phosphate. Elevated
phosphate levels bind to ionized calcium, leading to hypocalcemia. Additionally, decreased
Vitamin D activation reduces calcium absorption. Both stimulate the parathyroid glands to
secrete PTH.
, 4. Which pathophysiological process occurs in the lungs of a patient with Acute Respiratory
Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
A. Damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane
B. Increased surfactant production
C. Chronic inflammation of the bronchioles
D. Decreased capillary permeability
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: ARDS is characterized by diffuse alveolar damage and increased
capillary permeability, leading to the leakage of protein-rich fluid into the alveoli, causing
severe hypoxemia.
5. In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, what is the primary cause of hyperinsulinemia during the early
stages of the disease?
A. Autoimmune destruction of Beta cells
B. Absolute insulin deficiency
C. Glucagon deficiency
D. Insulin resistance at the cellular level
Answer: D
