BIOD 210 Final Exam — Exam Questions with
Correct Answers (VerifiedAnswers) Plus
Rationales 2026 Q&A Instant Download PDF
1. Which statement best describes the primary function of the
plasma membrane?
A. It produces ATP for cellular activities.
B. It stores genetic information.
C. It regulates movement of substances into and out of the
cell.
D. It synthesizes proteins.
Rationale: The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable
boundary composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins. Its major function is maintaining the cell's
internal environment by controlling which substances enter and
leave. Membrane proteins also participate in transport, cell
signaling, recognition, and adhesion. ATP production occurs
primarily in mitochondria, genetic information is stored in DNA,
and protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes.
2. Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP
through aerobic cellular respiration?
,A. Golgi apparatus
B. Lysosome
C. Nucleus
D. Mitochondrion
Rationale: Mitochondria are the principal sites of aerobic
cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells. The citric acid cycle
occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, while the electron transport
chain and oxidative phosphorylation occur along the inner
mitochondrial membrane. These processes generate most of the
ATP used by the cell. The nucleus stores DNA, lysosomes digest
cellular materials, and the Golgi apparatus modifies and
packages proteins and lipids.
3. What is the basic structural and functional unit of living
organisms?
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell
D. Organ system
Rationale: The cell is considered the basic unit of life because it
is the smallest structure capable of carrying out the essential
processes associated with living organisms. Cells can obtain and
use energy, maintain internal conditions, respond to stimuli,
reproduce, and process genetic information. Tissues and organs
,are higher levels of organization made from groups of
specialized cells.
4. Which type of biological molecule contains amino acids as
its monomers?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Nucleic acids
D. Proteins
Rationale: Proteins are polymers composed of amino acids
joined together by peptide bonds. Their three-dimensional
structures determine their functions, which include catalysis,
transport, structural support, movement, signaling, and
defense. Carbohydrates are built from sugars, nucleic acids from
nucleotides, and lipids are not generally considered polymers of
repeating monomeric units.
5. Which carbohydrate is the primary immediate energy
source for many cells?
A. Cellulose
B. Glycogen
C. Glucose
D. Chitin
, Rationale: Glucose is a six-carbon monosaccharide that plays a
central role in cellular energy metabolism. During glycolysis,
glucose is broken down to form pyruvate while producing ATP
and reduced electron carriers. Glycogen is an important storage
form of glucose in animals, whereas cellulose and chitin
primarily serve structural functions.
6. Which process moves molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration without
requiring cellular ATP?
A. Active transport
B. Endocytosis
C. Exocytosis
D. Diffusion
Rationale: Diffusion is the net movement of particles down their
concentration gradient and does not directly require ATP. Simple
diffusion can occur through the lipid bilayer for small nonpolar
molecules, while facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins.
Active transport, by contrast, requires energy to move
substances against their concentration or electrochemical
gradients.
Correct Answers (VerifiedAnswers) Plus
Rationales 2026 Q&A Instant Download PDF
1. Which statement best describes the primary function of the
plasma membrane?
A. It produces ATP for cellular activities.
B. It stores genetic information.
C. It regulates movement of substances into and out of the
cell.
D. It synthesizes proteins.
Rationale: The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable
boundary composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins. Its major function is maintaining the cell's
internal environment by controlling which substances enter and
leave. Membrane proteins also participate in transport, cell
signaling, recognition, and adhesion. ATP production occurs
primarily in mitochondria, genetic information is stored in DNA,
and protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes.
2. Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP
through aerobic cellular respiration?
,A. Golgi apparatus
B. Lysosome
C. Nucleus
D. Mitochondrion
Rationale: Mitochondria are the principal sites of aerobic
cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells. The citric acid cycle
occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, while the electron transport
chain and oxidative phosphorylation occur along the inner
mitochondrial membrane. These processes generate most of the
ATP used by the cell. The nucleus stores DNA, lysosomes digest
cellular materials, and the Golgi apparatus modifies and
packages proteins and lipids.
3. What is the basic structural and functional unit of living
organisms?
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell
D. Organ system
Rationale: The cell is considered the basic unit of life because it
is the smallest structure capable of carrying out the essential
processes associated with living organisms. Cells can obtain and
use energy, maintain internal conditions, respond to stimuli,
reproduce, and process genetic information. Tissues and organs
,are higher levels of organization made from groups of
specialized cells.
4. Which type of biological molecule contains amino acids as
its monomers?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Nucleic acids
D. Proteins
Rationale: Proteins are polymers composed of amino acids
joined together by peptide bonds. Their three-dimensional
structures determine their functions, which include catalysis,
transport, structural support, movement, signaling, and
defense. Carbohydrates are built from sugars, nucleic acids from
nucleotides, and lipids are not generally considered polymers of
repeating monomeric units.
5. Which carbohydrate is the primary immediate energy
source for many cells?
A. Cellulose
B. Glycogen
C. Glucose
D. Chitin
, Rationale: Glucose is a six-carbon monosaccharide that plays a
central role in cellular energy metabolism. During glycolysis,
glucose is broken down to form pyruvate while producing ATP
and reduced electron carriers. Glycogen is an important storage
form of glucose in animals, whereas cellulose and chitin
primarily serve structural functions.
6. Which process moves molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration without
requiring cellular ATP?
A. Active transport
B. Endocytosis
C. Exocytosis
D. Diffusion
Rationale: Diffusion is the net movement of particles down their
concentration gradient and does not directly require ATP. Simple
diffusion can occur through the lipid bilayer for small nonpolar
molecules, while facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins.
Active transport, by contrast, requires energy to move
substances against their concentration or electrochemical
gradients.
