PHL 206 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

PHL 206 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Where was Euthanasia first legalized? - Answers Oregon (in 1997) 5 conditions for euthanasia - Answers 1. Suffering from a terminal illness 2. Unlikely to benefit from the discovery of a cure for that illness during what remain of their life expectancy 3. Suffering intolerable pain, or only has available a life that in unacceptable burdensome 4. an enduring, voluntary competent wish to die 5. unable without assistance to end their life Arguments for euthanasia - Answers - It respects the autonomous choice of an individual without harming other - It seems to be more humane than allowing someone to die in a protracted manner - It respects democracy; polls indicate that the majority of Americans believe that is should be legal in some situation - The utilitarian would have to consider the family members or love one & economic effects when making the decision - The difference between active & passive euthanasia is not clear (since passive is considered moral, then so should active) 5 Arguments against euthanasia - Answers 1. It is not necessary to die from intolerable pain because of the improvement in modern palliative care 2. No one can be competent & genuine when requesting to die 3. We are playing God when we violate his order & determine when to die 4. Slippery slope into non-voluntary euthanasia 5. Sanctity of human life (religious belief) argue that suicide violates our inherent value want to abolish the death penalty - Answers abolitionists want to keep the death penalty - Answers retentionists deliberate & authorizing causing of pain to someone thought to have broken the law - Answers punishment the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime - Answers Capital punishment offenders deserve to be punished for their crimes - Answers retributivism 2 types of retributivism - Answers lex talionis proportional retributivism punishment that requires an "eye for an eye" - Answers lex talionis punishment that requires that the punishment fit the crime in severity, but not necessarily the same action as the crime itself - Answers proportional retributivism the arguments for capital punishment - Answers - Justice - Deterrence - Respecting human life - Safety - Reciprocity - Kantian argument kantian argument for capital punishment - Answers by violating the rights of others you have acted in a way that implicitly authorizes the violation of rights as a universal law, and thus you should not be surprised when others violate your rights the arguments against capital punishment - Answers - Biased against the poor & unequally distributed - Costs the lives of some innocent people - Legitimizes unlawful killing - It is more expensive than life without parole - Value of human life - Family of the prisoner is punished by having their loved one killed by the state making the sell and distribution of a drug legal - Answers legilization incurring criminal charges for possessing a drug - Answers criminialization not incurring criminal charges for possessing small amounts of a drug - Answers decriminlization Arguments for legalization - Answers - Wealth creation through taxes - Reduction in crime & different focus for law enforcement - Less money to support organized crime - Safety - Medicinal Use - Personal freedom Arguments against legalization - Answers - Addictive - Altered perception - Gateway drug - Social costs - Increased chances for used by children - Health risks t/f Greeks believed that you could be attracted to beauty in either gender - Answers true t/f Plato argued that homosexual relationships were superior to heterosexual - Answers true t/f Some argue against homosexual marriage because biological children cannot be produced, which they argue is the purpose of marriage - Answers true t/f Others argue against homosexual marriage because they believe that it is unnatural and undermines the traditional view of marriage - Answers true t/f Some argue that if the purpose of marriage is to have children, then couples who cannot have children should not be allowed to marry - Answers true t/f Others argue for homosexual marriage because of the love, security, legitimacy, and support that comes via marriage - Answers true the property of being a suitable candidate for direct moral concern - Answers Moral Status the view that only humans have moral status - Answers Anthropocentrism the view that only animals have moral status - Answers Zoocentrism the view that all living things have moral status - Answers Biocentrism giving moral consideration directly to an animal - Answers Direct moral consideration giving moral consideration only indirectly to an animal - Answers Indirect moral consideration The principle of treating animals fairly - Answers Animal rights humans thinking that they are superior to other animals just because of their species - Answers Specisim capable of sense experience - Answers Sentient t/f Many philosophers argue that what makes humans more worthy of moral consideration is their ability to reason - Answers true