68W ALC PHASE 3| FROM QUESTION TO PERFECTION|
STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Duration: 2 Hours
Total Marks: 100
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in
Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not
permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What is Threat Stress? Answer: Anything that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system (fight-
or-flight).
Examples of threat stress? Answer: Bullets flying, written test, practical test, intimidating
instructor.
The nervous system is divided into two main structural divisions: Answer: The Central Nervous
System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS) Answer: Controls the brain and spinal cord.
The Peripheral is divided into two sub-systems: Answer: The Somatic Nervous System and the
Autonomic Nervous System.
The Somatic Nervous System Answer: Controls sensory nerves and the efferent, motor nerves
(intentional movement and sensation).
The Autonomic Nervous System Answer: Controls automatic (involuntary) body functions
(unconscious body functions).
1. The physiological effects seen from threat stress are under the influence of the Autonomic
Nervous System, which is a sub-system of the Peripheral Nervous System.
2. The Autonomic Nervous System is further broken down into two sub-systems:
a. Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight-or-Fight)
b. Parasympathetic Nervous System ("Feed and Breed")
Two sub-systems of the Autonomic Nervous System? Answer: 1. Sympathetic Nervous System
(Fight-or-Flight)
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System ("Feed and Breed")
Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight-or-Flight) Answer: This system is mediated by
catecholamine's including epinephrine (adrenalin), norepinephrine and dopamine.
Effects of Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight or flight) Answer: 1. Pupil dilation. Enables
better light gathering for better vision, but causes loss of depth perception and loss of peripheral
vision. This may cause problems for 68Ws with Intravenous catheterization and surgical
cricothyroidotomy.
2. Tremors. This may make handling of tools and performance of procedures such as
intravenous catheterization, surgical cricothyroidotomy and writing more difficult.
3. Tachycardia. May cause more oxygen consumption.
4. Vasoconstriction. May result in decreased large muscle endurance due to decreased oxygen
supply.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Duration: 2 Hours
Total Marks: 100
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in
Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not
permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What is Threat Stress? Answer: Anything that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system (fight-
or-flight).
Examples of threat stress? Answer: Bullets flying, written test, practical test, intimidating
instructor.
The nervous system is divided into two main structural divisions: Answer: The Central Nervous
System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS) Answer: Controls the brain and spinal cord.
The Peripheral is divided into two sub-systems: Answer: The Somatic Nervous System and the
Autonomic Nervous System.
The Somatic Nervous System Answer: Controls sensory nerves and the efferent, motor nerves
(intentional movement and sensation).
The Autonomic Nervous System Answer: Controls automatic (involuntary) body functions
(unconscious body functions).
1. The physiological effects seen from threat stress are under the influence of the Autonomic
Nervous System, which is a sub-system of the Peripheral Nervous System.
2. The Autonomic Nervous System is further broken down into two sub-systems:
a. Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight-or-Fight)
b. Parasympathetic Nervous System ("Feed and Breed")
Two sub-systems of the Autonomic Nervous System? Answer: 1. Sympathetic Nervous System
(Fight-or-Flight)
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System ("Feed and Breed")
Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight-or-Flight) Answer: This system is mediated by
catecholamine's including epinephrine (adrenalin), norepinephrine and dopamine.
Effects of Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight or flight) Answer: 1. Pupil dilation. Enables
better light gathering for better vision, but causes loss of depth perception and loss of peripheral
vision. This may cause problems for 68Ws with Intravenous catheterization and surgical
cricothyroidotomy.
2. Tremors. This may make handling of tools and performance of procedures such as
intravenous catheterization, surgical cricothyroidotomy and writing more difficult.
3. Tachycardia. May cause more oxygen consumption.
4. Vasoconstriction. May result in decreased large muscle endurance due to decreased oxygen
supply.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
