NURS 753 Final Exam Study Guide | Questions with 100% Verified
Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: What is innate immunity?
Answer:
provides immediate protection and is nonspecific, meaning it provides protection against
all invaders.
Question: What is adaptative immunity?
Answer:
Can take 7-10 days to provide protection, but it is specific to the antigens.
Question: What is antigen?
Answer:
a foreign agent that triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system
Question: What is antibody (immunoglobulin)?
Answer:
a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralized foreign agents, such as
viruses and bacteria
Question: What is autoantibody?
Answer:
an antibody made by the immune system that attacks an individual's own proteins
Question: What is lysozyme?
Answer:
an enzyme that dissolves bacterial cell walls.
Question: What is pyrogens?
Answer:
Molecules that cause the systemic response of fever
Question: What is Humoral immunity?
Answer:
interaction to produce antibodies against the antigen (B-Cell function or humoral
immunity)
,Question: What is cell-mediated immunity?
Answer:
is the main mechanism by which the body fights the tubercle bacillus and starts a few
weeks after infection.
Question: What is Human Leukocyte antigen system?
Answer:
known as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans, HLA system as the genes
are expressed on the surface of the WBC.
Question: What is alloimmunity?
Answer:
Four types of tissue transplants are possible—allogeneic, syngeneic, autologous, and
xenogenic.
§ Allogeneic transplants are those in which the tissue used is from the same species and
is of similar tissue type, but it is not identical.
Question: What is autoimmunity?
Answer:
Failure of central and peripheral tolerance, sequestration, and regulatory mechanisms
§ Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissue (thymus for T cells and bone
marrow for B cells) when lymphocytes are maturing. With central tolerance, B or T cells
that are autoreactive (bind to self) are destroyed or suppressed.
§ In the secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen) where B and T cells
migrate, peripheral tolerance and self-antigens are simply not recognized.
§ In normal immunity, self-antigens are often sequestered, and the immune system has
regulatory mechanisms that limit the degree of immune reactivity
§ Exogenous triggers or endogenous abnormalities
Question: What is allogenic?
Answer:
Those in which tissue used is from the same species and is of similar tissue type but it is
not identical. Most transplants are allogenic.
Question: What is autologous?
Answer:
hosts and donor are the same person for transplants.
,Question: DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE
Answer:
o The same sequence of response occurs no matter the type of injury or prior exposure
as there is no memory involved.
o Part of the body's innate immunity and is non-discriminatory.
o When cells and body tissues are injured, regardless of the cause, the inflammatory
response is triggered.
Question: Describe the Acute phase of inflammation
Answer:
Starts immediately after the injury and continues until the threat is eliminated (hours to
days)
Question: Describe the chronic phase of inflammation
Answer:
o Takes over until healing and repair are complete (weeks or months).
o Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic effects
Question: ·WHICH CELL DRIVES THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE?
Answer:
Driven by mast cells.
Question: HOW IS FEVER DIFFERENTIATED FROM HYPERTHERMIA?
Answer:
Fever is distinguished from other forms of hyperthermia (heat stroke, malignant
hyperthermia) because the body temperature increase is regulated, and
thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and cooling are functioning. Hyperthermia
from heat stroke involves a dysfunctional unregulated increase in temperature along with
an inability of the body to cool itself. Hypothalamus is not reset in hyperthermia, it's just a
response from an external factor.
Question: WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTERFERONS IN INNATE
IMMUNITY?
Answer:
o Interferons do not protect cells already infected by a virus but rather stop the spread
of the virus to new cells.
o The binding of interferons to uninfected cells triggers the synthesis of enzymes that
inhibit viral replication.
, Question: FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE
IMMUNITY
Answer:
Process that involves approximately 20 blood plasma proteins and enhances the action
of antibodies. Complement proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive state.
Question: FUNCTION OF CLOTTING SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE
IMMUNITY
Answer:
is activated during infection and injury. Ultimately participates in the inflammatory
response by attracting (chemotaxis) neutrophils to the site of injury and causing
increased vascular permeability.
Question: FUNCTION OF KININ SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE
IMMUNITY
Answer:
Activation primarily leads to the development of bradykinin. Bradykinin causes pain,
increased vascular permeability through vasodilation, neutrophil recruitment, and smooth
muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction).
Question: WHY DO GRANULOMAS FORM IN CHRONIC
INFLAMMATION? HOW IS THIS DIFFERENT FROM
GRANULATION TISSUE?
Answer:
o This phase usually occurs because the acute response was not effective in eliminating
or repairing the injury or infection.
o Granuloma formation is not to be confused with granulation tissue development which
is a step-in tissue repair. Granulation tissue is a mixture of new vasculature and fibroblasts,
which produces connective tissue fibers and collagen.
Question: DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF T CELLS IN ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
Answer:
§ T Cells (cellular) destroy the antigen.
T cells are responsible for hypersensitivity reactions and transplant rejection. Helper cells
can further be subdivided into T-helper (Th) 1 and Th 2. The Th 2 cells activate, or call up,
B cells to produce antibodies while the Th 1 cells are involved in the inflammatory
process and the activation of macrophages.
Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: What is innate immunity?
Answer:
provides immediate protection and is nonspecific, meaning it provides protection against
all invaders.
Question: What is adaptative immunity?
Answer:
Can take 7-10 days to provide protection, but it is specific to the antigens.
Question: What is antigen?
Answer:
a foreign agent that triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system
Question: What is antibody (immunoglobulin)?
Answer:
a protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralized foreign agents, such as
viruses and bacteria
Question: What is autoantibody?
Answer:
an antibody made by the immune system that attacks an individual's own proteins
Question: What is lysozyme?
Answer:
an enzyme that dissolves bacterial cell walls.
Question: What is pyrogens?
Answer:
Molecules that cause the systemic response of fever
Question: What is Humoral immunity?
Answer:
interaction to produce antibodies against the antigen (B-Cell function or humoral
immunity)
,Question: What is cell-mediated immunity?
Answer:
is the main mechanism by which the body fights the tubercle bacillus and starts a few
weeks after infection.
Question: What is Human Leukocyte antigen system?
Answer:
known as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans, HLA system as the genes
are expressed on the surface of the WBC.
Question: What is alloimmunity?
Answer:
Four types of tissue transplants are possible—allogeneic, syngeneic, autologous, and
xenogenic.
§ Allogeneic transplants are those in which the tissue used is from the same species and
is of similar tissue type, but it is not identical.
Question: What is autoimmunity?
Answer:
Failure of central and peripheral tolerance, sequestration, and regulatory mechanisms
§ Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissue (thymus for T cells and bone
marrow for B cells) when lymphocytes are maturing. With central tolerance, B or T cells
that are autoreactive (bind to self) are destroyed or suppressed.
§ In the secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen) where B and T cells
migrate, peripheral tolerance and self-antigens are simply not recognized.
§ In normal immunity, self-antigens are often sequestered, and the immune system has
regulatory mechanisms that limit the degree of immune reactivity
§ Exogenous triggers or endogenous abnormalities
Question: What is allogenic?
Answer:
Those in which tissue used is from the same species and is of similar tissue type but it is
not identical. Most transplants are allogenic.
Question: What is autologous?
Answer:
hosts and donor are the same person for transplants.
,Question: DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE
Answer:
o The same sequence of response occurs no matter the type of injury or prior exposure
as there is no memory involved.
o Part of the body's innate immunity and is non-discriminatory.
o When cells and body tissues are injured, regardless of the cause, the inflammatory
response is triggered.
Question: Describe the Acute phase of inflammation
Answer:
Starts immediately after the injury and continues until the threat is eliminated (hours to
days)
Question: Describe the chronic phase of inflammation
Answer:
o Takes over until healing and repair are complete (weeks or months).
o Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic effects
Question: ·WHICH CELL DRIVES THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE?
Answer:
Driven by mast cells.
Question: HOW IS FEVER DIFFERENTIATED FROM HYPERTHERMIA?
Answer:
Fever is distinguished from other forms of hyperthermia (heat stroke, malignant
hyperthermia) because the body temperature increase is regulated, and
thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and cooling are functioning. Hyperthermia
from heat stroke involves a dysfunctional unregulated increase in temperature along with
an inability of the body to cool itself. Hypothalamus is not reset in hyperthermia, it's just a
response from an external factor.
Question: WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTERFERONS IN INNATE
IMMUNITY?
Answer:
o Interferons do not protect cells already infected by a virus but rather stop the spread
of the virus to new cells.
o The binding of interferons to uninfected cells triggers the synthesis of enzymes that
inhibit viral replication.
, Question: FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE
IMMUNITY
Answer:
Process that involves approximately 20 blood plasma proteins and enhances the action
of antibodies. Complement proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive state.
Question: FUNCTION OF CLOTTING SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE
IMMUNITY
Answer:
is activated during infection and injury. Ultimately participates in the inflammatory
response by attracting (chemotaxis) neutrophils to the site of injury and causing
increased vascular permeability.
Question: FUNCTION OF KININ SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE
IMMUNITY
Answer:
Activation primarily leads to the development of bradykinin. Bradykinin causes pain,
increased vascular permeability through vasodilation, neutrophil recruitment, and smooth
muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction).
Question: WHY DO GRANULOMAS FORM IN CHRONIC
INFLAMMATION? HOW IS THIS DIFFERENT FROM
GRANULATION TISSUE?
Answer:
o This phase usually occurs because the acute response was not effective in eliminating
or repairing the injury or infection.
o Granuloma formation is not to be confused with granulation tissue development which
is a step-in tissue repair. Granulation tissue is a mixture of new vasculature and fibroblasts,
which produces connective tissue fibers and collagen.
Question: DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF T CELLS IN ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
Answer:
§ T Cells (cellular) destroy the antigen.
T cells are responsible for hypersensitivity reactions and transplant rejection. Helper cells
can further be subdivided into T-helper (Th) 1 and Th 2. The Th 2 cells activate, or call up,
B cells to produce antibodies while the Th 1 cells are involved in the inflammatory
process and the activation of macrophages.
