NUR 355 Exam 1 || Solved Correctly.
4 injurious agents of the plasma membrane: correct answers 1. free radicals (substances with free
electron on an oxygen molecule)
2. high pressure forces (ex: hypertension)
3. radiation (ex: sunlight)
4. high glucose concentrations (ex: uncontrolled diabetes)
How are free radicals generated? correct answers during inefficient mitochondrial metabolism
Free radicals are sometimes called "_____________" molecules. The free electron is attracted to
cell membranes, attaches to membranes, and damages them. The body has natural
_______________ that destroy these destructive molecules. correct answers superoxide;
antioxidants
Free radicals _________ cell structures, disrupt the integrity of the cell membrane and damage
organelles and DNA, causing cell dysfunction, therefore they can be called _________. correct
answers oxidize; oxidants
4 examples of antioxidants: correct answers 1. Vitamin A, E, C
2. beta- carotene
The sodium potassium pump constantly pumps Na+ _____ in exchange for K+ ____. correct
answers out; in
organelle that contains digestive enzymes and digests particles brought in by endocytosis,
pinocytosis, or phagocytosis. Also digests worn out cell parts. correct answers lysosomes
In cell death,__________ occurs where the enzymes rupture from lysosome and digest whole
cell. WBC's have many of _________. correct answers autolysis; lysosomes
,In a MI, autolysis occurs where the enzymes rupture from cardiac muscle cell lysosomes to
digest dead cardiac muscle cells. The 3 serum cardiac enzymes are: correct answers
CPK/LDH/SGOT
Injured cells can develop ___________ or ____________ changes to maintain homeostasis.
correct answers adaptive; maladaptive
terms that means the original cause of a cellular alteration or disease correct answers etiology
term that means unique histological findings that represent distinct disease process. correct
answers pathognomonic changes
means condition or change in correct answers -trophy
means development or formation correct answers -plasia
Decrease in cell size due to not using the muscle. If the body doesn't use that muscle, it's not
going to supply nutrients to that muscle. ex: paralysis, injury and lack of use correct answers
muscle atropy
Increase in cell size due to overusing muscle. ex: working out, steroids, etc. correct answers
hypertrophy
Increase in cardiac muscle because it has to work harder. It has an increased need for oxygen and
blood show which causes inadequate blood flow and can lead to ischemia. Can be caused by
hypertension. correct answers ventricular hypertrophy
term that means increase in the number of cells. ex: pregnancy when there is an increase of
breast gland cells caused by estrogen stimulation, callous, endometriosis (increase in uterine
lining) correct answers hyperplasia
, term that means one cell type is replaced by another. Can be an indication of cancer due to diff.
types of cells. ex: keloid on skin, cells at gastroesophageal junction irritated by acid reflux from
stomach correct answers metaplasia
term that means cells have lost normal arrangement (shape, function, size), can be precancerous
changes (not necessarily cancerous growth). Ex: hpv virus causing precancerous cervical cells
correct answers dysplasia
term that is new cell growth that is disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell
growth that is cancerous. We normally want cells to be well-differentiated from other cells (we
want our skin cells to not look like other cells). correct answers neoplasia
type of cancer where cells resemble normal cells and do not spread; tissue is well-differentiated
(cells that resemble healthy cells) and easily removed. correct answers benign
type of cancer where cells are bizarre looking and spread to other sites, highly invasive into
tissue and not well-differentiated (do not look or act like normal cells of where they came from).
correct answers malignant
most common cause of cell injury that leads to anaerobic metabolism, less oxygen is produced,
less ATP is produced, pyruvic acid leads to lactic acid production in attempt to create energy by
glycolysis correct answers cellular hypoxia
What happens when there is a dysfunction of the Na+/K+ pump? correct answers cell swells due
to Na+ pouring into the cell, water follows solutes, pathological calcifications
What is endothelium? correct answers inner lining of blood vessels
What happens in an endothelial injury? and what is it caused by (4)? correct answers causes
inflammation reaction and atherosclerosis (narrowing of bv due to plaque build up)
4 injurious agents of the plasma membrane: correct answers 1. free radicals (substances with free
electron on an oxygen molecule)
2. high pressure forces (ex: hypertension)
3. radiation (ex: sunlight)
4. high glucose concentrations (ex: uncontrolled diabetes)
How are free radicals generated? correct answers during inefficient mitochondrial metabolism
Free radicals are sometimes called "_____________" molecules. The free electron is attracted to
cell membranes, attaches to membranes, and damages them. The body has natural
_______________ that destroy these destructive molecules. correct answers superoxide;
antioxidants
Free radicals _________ cell structures, disrupt the integrity of the cell membrane and damage
organelles and DNA, causing cell dysfunction, therefore they can be called _________. correct
answers oxidize; oxidants
4 examples of antioxidants: correct answers 1. Vitamin A, E, C
2. beta- carotene
The sodium potassium pump constantly pumps Na+ _____ in exchange for K+ ____. correct
answers out; in
organelle that contains digestive enzymes and digests particles brought in by endocytosis,
pinocytosis, or phagocytosis. Also digests worn out cell parts. correct answers lysosomes
In cell death,__________ occurs where the enzymes rupture from lysosome and digest whole
cell. WBC's have many of _________. correct answers autolysis; lysosomes
,In a MI, autolysis occurs where the enzymes rupture from cardiac muscle cell lysosomes to
digest dead cardiac muscle cells. The 3 serum cardiac enzymes are: correct answers
CPK/LDH/SGOT
Injured cells can develop ___________ or ____________ changes to maintain homeostasis.
correct answers adaptive; maladaptive
terms that means the original cause of a cellular alteration or disease correct answers etiology
term that means unique histological findings that represent distinct disease process. correct
answers pathognomonic changes
means condition or change in correct answers -trophy
means development or formation correct answers -plasia
Decrease in cell size due to not using the muscle. If the body doesn't use that muscle, it's not
going to supply nutrients to that muscle. ex: paralysis, injury and lack of use correct answers
muscle atropy
Increase in cell size due to overusing muscle. ex: working out, steroids, etc. correct answers
hypertrophy
Increase in cardiac muscle because it has to work harder. It has an increased need for oxygen and
blood show which causes inadequate blood flow and can lead to ischemia. Can be caused by
hypertension. correct answers ventricular hypertrophy
term that means increase in the number of cells. ex: pregnancy when there is an increase of
breast gland cells caused by estrogen stimulation, callous, endometriosis (increase in uterine
lining) correct answers hyperplasia
, term that means one cell type is replaced by another. Can be an indication of cancer due to diff.
types of cells. ex: keloid on skin, cells at gastroesophageal junction irritated by acid reflux from
stomach correct answers metaplasia
term that means cells have lost normal arrangement (shape, function, size), can be precancerous
changes (not necessarily cancerous growth). Ex: hpv virus causing precancerous cervical cells
correct answers dysplasia
term that is new cell growth that is disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell
growth that is cancerous. We normally want cells to be well-differentiated from other cells (we
want our skin cells to not look like other cells). correct answers neoplasia
type of cancer where cells resemble normal cells and do not spread; tissue is well-differentiated
(cells that resemble healthy cells) and easily removed. correct answers benign
type of cancer where cells are bizarre looking and spread to other sites, highly invasive into
tissue and not well-differentiated (do not look or act like normal cells of where they came from).
correct answers malignant
most common cause of cell injury that leads to anaerobic metabolism, less oxygen is produced,
less ATP is produced, pyruvic acid leads to lactic acid production in attempt to create energy by
glycolysis correct answers cellular hypoxia
What happens when there is a dysfunction of the Na+/K+ pump? correct answers cell swells due
to Na+ pouring into the cell, water follows solutes, pathological calcifications
What is endothelium? correct answers inner lining of blood vessels
What happens in an endothelial injury? and what is it caused by (4)? correct answers causes
inflammation reaction and atherosclerosis (narrowing of bv due to plaque build up)
