NUR 352 Final exam | Q&A | 2026/2027 | Fundamental Concepts in
Nursing | ASU | Graded A+
1. The nursing process is a structured framework for clinical decision-making.
Which sequence correctly represents the five steps?
A) Assessment, Planning, Diagnosis, Implementation, Evaluation
B) Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
C) Diagnosis, Assessment, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
D) Planning, Assessment, Diagnosis, Implementation, Evaluation
Correct Answer: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation,
Evaluation
Rationale: The nursing process is a five-step sequential process: Assessment,
Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation. This systematic
approach provides a framework for delivering holistic, client-centered care.
2. A client's vital signs are: temperature 99.8°F (37.7°C), pulse 88 bpm,
respirations 18/min, blood pressure 118/76 mmHg, and SpO2 96%. Which
finding is outside the normal adult range?
A) Temperature
B) Pulse
C) Respirations
D) SpO2
Correct Answer: Temperature
Rationale: The normal adult temperature range is 96.8-100.4°F (36-38°C).
While 99.8°F is technically within normal limits, it is elevated compared to
baseline and the most notable deviation among the options. Pulse (60-100),
respirations (12-20), and SpO2 (95-100%) are all within normal limits.
,3. The absence of disease-producing organisms is known as:
A) Sepsis
B) Asepsis
C) Sterilization
D) Disinfection
Correct Answer: Asepsis
Rationale: Asepsis is the absence of disease-producing (pathogenic)
organisms. Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a
dysregulated host response to infection. Sterilization destroys all
microorganisms, while disinfection reduces the number of pathogens.
4. Which component is part of the "chain of infection"?
A) Infectious agent
B) Reservoir
C) Portal of exit
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Rationale: The chain of infection consists of six components: infectious
agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and
susceptible host. Breaking any link in the chain prevents the spread of
infection.
5. A client is diagnosed with a healthcare-associated infection (HAI). Which of
the following is a major type of HAI?
,A) Central line-associated bloodstream infection
B) Surgical site infection
C) Catheter-associated urinary tract infection
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Rationale: The four major types of HAIs are central line-associated
bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), surgical site infections (SSIs), catheter-
associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), and ventilator-associated
pneumonia (VAP).
6. Which level of precaution is applied to all patients, regardless of their
diagnosis?
A) Contact precautions
B) Droplet precautions
C) Standard precautions
D) Airborne precautions
Correct Answer: Standard precautions
Rationale: Standard precautions are the baseline infection prevention
practices that apply to all patients in all healthcare settings. They include
hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and safe injection
practices.
7. A client is placed on airborne precautions. Which type of PPE is essential
for anyone entering the room?
A) Surgical mask
, B) N95 respirator
C) Gown and gloves
D) Eye protection
Correct Answer: N95 respirator
Rationale: Airborne precautions require an N95 respirator (or higher level)
because the infectious agents are transmitted via small particles that can
remain suspended in the air. Contact and droplet precautions require
different PPE.
8. Which type of precaution is used for a client with tuberculosis?
A) Contact precautions
B) Droplet precautions
C) Airborne precautions
D) Standard precautions only
Correct Answer: Airborne precautions
Rationale: Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted via airborne particles and requires
airborne precautions, including a negative pressure room and an N95
respirator.
9. An infection that occurs when there are more cases than normal within a
specific geographic location is called:
A) Endemic
B) Epidemic
C) Pandemic
D) Sporadic
Nursing | ASU | Graded A+
1. The nursing process is a structured framework for clinical decision-making.
Which sequence correctly represents the five steps?
A) Assessment, Planning, Diagnosis, Implementation, Evaluation
B) Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
C) Diagnosis, Assessment, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
D) Planning, Assessment, Diagnosis, Implementation, Evaluation
Correct Answer: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation,
Evaluation
Rationale: The nursing process is a five-step sequential process: Assessment,
Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation. This systematic
approach provides a framework for delivering holistic, client-centered care.
2. A client's vital signs are: temperature 99.8°F (37.7°C), pulse 88 bpm,
respirations 18/min, blood pressure 118/76 mmHg, and SpO2 96%. Which
finding is outside the normal adult range?
A) Temperature
B) Pulse
C) Respirations
D) SpO2
Correct Answer: Temperature
Rationale: The normal adult temperature range is 96.8-100.4°F (36-38°C).
While 99.8°F is technically within normal limits, it is elevated compared to
baseline and the most notable deviation among the options. Pulse (60-100),
respirations (12-20), and SpO2 (95-100%) are all within normal limits.
,3. The absence of disease-producing organisms is known as:
A) Sepsis
B) Asepsis
C) Sterilization
D) Disinfection
Correct Answer: Asepsis
Rationale: Asepsis is the absence of disease-producing (pathogenic)
organisms. Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a
dysregulated host response to infection. Sterilization destroys all
microorganisms, while disinfection reduces the number of pathogens.
4. Which component is part of the "chain of infection"?
A) Infectious agent
B) Reservoir
C) Portal of exit
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Rationale: The chain of infection consists of six components: infectious
agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and
susceptible host. Breaking any link in the chain prevents the spread of
infection.
5. A client is diagnosed with a healthcare-associated infection (HAI). Which of
the following is a major type of HAI?
,A) Central line-associated bloodstream infection
B) Surgical site infection
C) Catheter-associated urinary tract infection
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Rationale: The four major types of HAIs are central line-associated
bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), surgical site infections (SSIs), catheter-
associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), and ventilator-associated
pneumonia (VAP).
6. Which level of precaution is applied to all patients, regardless of their
diagnosis?
A) Contact precautions
B) Droplet precautions
C) Standard precautions
D) Airborne precautions
Correct Answer: Standard precautions
Rationale: Standard precautions are the baseline infection prevention
practices that apply to all patients in all healthcare settings. They include
hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and safe injection
practices.
7. A client is placed on airborne precautions. Which type of PPE is essential
for anyone entering the room?
A) Surgical mask
, B) N95 respirator
C) Gown and gloves
D) Eye protection
Correct Answer: N95 respirator
Rationale: Airborne precautions require an N95 respirator (or higher level)
because the infectious agents are transmitted via small particles that can
remain suspended in the air. Contact and droplet precautions require
different PPE.
8. Which type of precaution is used for a client with tuberculosis?
A) Contact precautions
B) Droplet precautions
C) Airborne precautions
D) Standard precautions only
Correct Answer: Airborne precautions
Rationale: Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted via airborne particles and requires
airborne precautions, including a negative pressure room and an N95
respirator.
9. An infection that occurs when there are more cases than normal within a
specific geographic location is called:
A) Endemic
B) Epidemic
C) Pandemic
D) Sporadic
