NUR 352 Midterm exam | Q&A | 2026/2027 | Fundamental Concepts
in Nursing | ASU | Graded A+
1. The nursing process is a structured framework for clinical decision-making.
Which sequence correctly represents the five steps of the nursing process?
A) Assessment, Planning, Diagnosis, Implementation, Evaluation
B) Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
C) Diagnosis, Assessment, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
D) Planning, Assessment, Diagnosis, Implementation, Evaluation
Correct Answer: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation,
Evaluation
Rationale: The nursing process is a five-step sequential process: Assessment,
Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation. This systematic
approach provides a framework for delivering holistic, client-centered care.
2. A client's vital signs are documented as: temperature 99.8°F (37.7°C),
pulse 88 bpm, respirations 18/min, blood pressure 118/76 mmHg, and SpO2
96%. Which finding falls outside the normal adult range?
A) Temperature
B) Pulse
C) Respirations
D) SpO2
Correct Answer: Temperature
Rationale: The normal adult temperature range is 96.8-100.4°F (36-38°C). A
temperature of 99.8°F is within normal limits but is elevated compared to the
baseline; however, among the options listed, it is the finding that is most
,notably outside the typical resting range. Pulse (60-100), respirations (12-
20), and SpO2 (95-100%) are all within normal limits.
3. Which component is part of the "chain of infection"?
A) Infectious agent
B) Reservoir
C) Portal of exit
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Rationale: The chain of infection consists of six components: infectious
agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and
susceptible host. Breaking any link in the chain prevents the spread of
infection.
4. A client is diagnosed with a healthcare-associated infection (HAI). Which of
the following is a major type of HAI?
A) Central line-associated bloodstream infection
B) Surgical site infection
C) Catheter-associated urinary tract infection
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Rationale: The four major types of HAIs are central line-associated
bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), surgical site infections (SSIs), catheter-
associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), and ventilator-associated
pneumonia (VAP).
,5. Which type of immunity is short-lived and "borrowed" from another
source, such as through breast milk?
A) Innate immunity
B) Adaptive immunity
C) Passive immunity
D) Active immunity
Correct Answer: Passive immunity
Rationale: Passive immunity is short-lived and occurs when antibodies are
transferred from another source, such as through breast milk or
immunotherapy. Innate immunity is natural, general protection, and adaptive
immunity is specific protection developed over time.
6. A nursing student is learning about infection control. Which level of
precaution is applied to all patients, regardless of their diagnosis?
A) Contact precautions
B) Droplet precautions
C) Standard precautions
D) Airborne precautions
Correct Answer: Standard precautions
Rationale: Standard precautions are the baseline infection prevention
practices that apply to all patients in all healthcare settings. They include
hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and safe injection
practices.
, 7. A client is placed on airborne precautions. Which type of PPE is essential
for anyone entering the room?
A) Surgical mask
B) N95 respirator
C) Gown and gloves
D) Eye protection
Correct Answer: N95 respirator
Rationale: Airborne precautions require an N95 respirator (or higher level)
because the infectious agents are transmitted via small particles that can
remain suspended in the air. Contact and droplet precautions require
different PPE.
8. A client is on contact precautions. Which of the following is a correct action
when providing care?
A) Wearing a gown and gloves
B) Placing the client in a negative pressure room
C) Wearing an N95 respirator
D) Keeping the door closed at all times
Correct Answer: Wearing a gown and gloves
Rationale: Contact precautions require the use of a gown and gloves to
prevent the transmission of infectious agents that are spread by direct or
indirect contact. Negative pressure rooms are for airborne precautions.
9. An infection that occurs when there are more cases than normal within a
specific geographic location is called:
in Nursing | ASU | Graded A+
1. The nursing process is a structured framework for clinical decision-making.
Which sequence correctly represents the five steps of the nursing process?
A) Assessment, Planning, Diagnosis, Implementation, Evaluation
B) Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
C) Diagnosis, Assessment, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
D) Planning, Assessment, Diagnosis, Implementation, Evaluation
Correct Answer: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation,
Evaluation
Rationale: The nursing process is a five-step sequential process: Assessment,
Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation. This systematic
approach provides a framework for delivering holistic, client-centered care.
2. A client's vital signs are documented as: temperature 99.8°F (37.7°C),
pulse 88 bpm, respirations 18/min, blood pressure 118/76 mmHg, and SpO2
96%. Which finding falls outside the normal adult range?
A) Temperature
B) Pulse
C) Respirations
D) SpO2
Correct Answer: Temperature
Rationale: The normal adult temperature range is 96.8-100.4°F (36-38°C). A
temperature of 99.8°F is within normal limits but is elevated compared to the
baseline; however, among the options listed, it is the finding that is most
,notably outside the typical resting range. Pulse (60-100), respirations (12-
20), and SpO2 (95-100%) are all within normal limits.
3. Which component is part of the "chain of infection"?
A) Infectious agent
B) Reservoir
C) Portal of exit
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Rationale: The chain of infection consists of six components: infectious
agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and
susceptible host. Breaking any link in the chain prevents the spread of
infection.
4. A client is diagnosed with a healthcare-associated infection (HAI). Which of
the following is a major type of HAI?
A) Central line-associated bloodstream infection
B) Surgical site infection
C) Catheter-associated urinary tract infection
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Rationale: The four major types of HAIs are central line-associated
bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), surgical site infections (SSIs), catheter-
associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), and ventilator-associated
pneumonia (VAP).
,5. Which type of immunity is short-lived and "borrowed" from another
source, such as through breast milk?
A) Innate immunity
B) Adaptive immunity
C) Passive immunity
D) Active immunity
Correct Answer: Passive immunity
Rationale: Passive immunity is short-lived and occurs when antibodies are
transferred from another source, such as through breast milk or
immunotherapy. Innate immunity is natural, general protection, and adaptive
immunity is specific protection developed over time.
6. A nursing student is learning about infection control. Which level of
precaution is applied to all patients, regardless of their diagnosis?
A) Contact precautions
B) Droplet precautions
C) Standard precautions
D) Airborne precautions
Correct Answer: Standard precautions
Rationale: Standard precautions are the baseline infection prevention
practices that apply to all patients in all healthcare settings. They include
hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and safe injection
practices.
, 7. A client is placed on airborne precautions. Which type of PPE is essential
for anyone entering the room?
A) Surgical mask
B) N95 respirator
C) Gown and gloves
D) Eye protection
Correct Answer: N95 respirator
Rationale: Airborne precautions require an N95 respirator (or higher level)
because the infectious agents are transmitted via small particles that can
remain suspended in the air. Contact and droplet precautions require
different PPE.
8. A client is on contact precautions. Which of the following is a correct action
when providing care?
A) Wearing a gown and gloves
B) Placing the client in a negative pressure room
C) Wearing an N95 respirator
D) Keeping the door closed at all times
Correct Answer: Wearing a gown and gloves
Rationale: Contact precautions require the use of a gown and gloves to
prevent the transmission of infectious agents that are spread by direct or
indirect contact. Negative pressure rooms are for airborne precautions.
9. An infection that occurs when there are more cases than normal within a
specific geographic location is called:
